<p>The Xavier Lopez House is a historic home in St. Augustine, Florida, United States. It is located at 93½ King Street . It was built in 1903 in the Queen Anne/Victorian style, which is atypical of many structures in St. Augustine, most of which are in the Spanish/Mission Revival style. The house is located behind a trio of one-story Spanish colonial-style mortgage lending offices, all of which are addressed as being at 93 King Stret.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the house was restored by "The Mussallem Family" with help of a local construction company. On July 1, 1993, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Ximenez-Fatio House Museum is one of the best-preserved and most authentic Second Spanish Period  residential buildings in St. Augustine, Florida. In 1973, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated a Florida Heritage Landmark in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The museum complex sits just south of the citys central Plaza de la Constitución at 20 Aviles Street (formerly Hospital Street), the oldest archaeologically documented street in the United States. It is located at the center of Old Town, the citys oldest continuously occupied community.</p><br>
<p>Since 1939, the property has been privately owned and managed by The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America in The State of Florida (NSCDA-FL). Through their efforts, it was restored and interpreted to reflect its function as a fashionable boarding house during Florida&#39;s first tourist boom, which began after 1821.</p><br>
<p>The property is a historic house museum, furnished and presented to tell stories of the visitors who lodged there, the women who owned and managed it, and how people lived during Florida&#39;s territorial period.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background and context</h2><br>
<h3>Andres Ximenez</h3><br>
<p>The two-story main house was built by Andres Ximenez (an alternate spelling of Jimenez), a merchant of Spanish birth who married Juana Pellicer, daughter of Francisco Pellicer, a leader of the Minorcan community in St. Augustine. The propertys modern name references Ximenez as well as the last historic owner of record: Louisa Fatio (FAY-she-oh), who ran the boarding house as Miss Fatios. Louisa purchased the house in 1855, becoming the last of three successive women owners during its years as a boarding house. Their success contributes to the historical significance of the property, because this was a time when few American women owned property in their own names or managed a respectable business.</p><br>
<p>The houses adaptability to commercial activities is due in part to its size and central location near the plaza and the bayfront. Andres Ximenez built the structure to accommodate his family upstairs and support them through undertakings housed downstairs. His wife Juana probably assisted him in running a general store, tavern, billiard table and lottery. The Ximenez family did not occupy the house for long. By 1806, both parents and two of their five minor children had died. For a number of years following, Juanas father managed the property on his grandchildren&#39;s behalf.</p><br>
<p>The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, in which Spain settled a border dispute and ceded Florida to the United States, brought big changes to St. Augustine. The only city on the Florida peninsula, it became a destination for curiosity-seekers and consumptives on doctors&#39; orders to escape cold northern winters. The presence of Castillo de San Marcos, a coquina fort built by the Spanish and now controlled by the USA military and renamed Fort Marion, brought a larger military presence to town. A decade after Florida became a USA territory in 1821, the need for more and better visitor accommodations became pressing. Local residents began advertising rooms for rent with board (meals) included. This kind of lodging was in most cases a step above staying at a hotel.</p><br>
<h3>Margaret Cook</h3><br>
<p>While small-scale boarding houses were the norm, the times were favorable for a more ambitious approach. In 1830, Margaret Cook completed the process of purchasing the Ximenez House from its heirs. Cook had relocated to St. Augustine from Charleston with her second husband Samuel in 1821. A widow again by 1830, she had the freedom not routinely granted to married women of her day to transact business in her own name. She secured these rights through legal documents signed by her husband before his death.</p><br>
<p>Architect Herschel Shepard verified that the house was converted to add extra bedrooms during Cooks ownership. Cook hired Eliza Whitehurst — a widowed friend from Charleston who may have also been a close relative — and opened the house to boarders. Under Elizas management, "Mrs. Whitehursts boarding house developed a reputation for high standards and good food. One guest noted, "...we were very fortunate in getting board at Mrs. Whitehurst&#39;s, considered the best in town." In 1835, 23 guests were recorded as having stayed at the house, with the majority coming from the northeast.</p><br>
<h3>Sarah Petty Anderson</h3><br>
<p>Eliza Whitehurst succumbed to illness in 1838, as did Margaret Cook&#39;s daughter. That year, Cook sold the boarding house to Sarah Petty Anderson for $4,000. She also sold Anderson an adjacent piece of property that she had purchased at auction the year before. This piece of land measured 57½ feet along Green Street (now Cadiz) to the west of the boarding house.</p><br>
<p>Anderson and her husband George were among the many newcomers to Florida in the early 1820s. Andersons mother, Frances Kerr, had purchased 450 acres of land west of the Tomoka River in 1818 for a plantation known as the Ferry. In Kerrs will dated September 2, 1820, Anderson and her husband were named the heirs of the Ferry plantation. In 1829, the Andersons bought Mount Oswald, a 1,900-acre plantation at the junction of the Halifax and Tomoka rivers. They later bought a third plantation, which was burned during the Second Seminole War. The ruins of this Dunlawton Plantation and Sugar Mill still stand on Nova Road, west of Port Orange, Florida. The site was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Louisa Fatio</h3><br>
<p>By the end of the 1830s, Anderson was a widow living in St. Augustine. In the early 1840s, she hired Louisa Fatio to manage the Ximenez House as a boarding house. She retained Fatio as manager until 1855. That year, Fatio purchased the house for $3,000.</p><br>
<p>Louisa Fatio was the granddaughter of Francis Philip Fatio, co-founder and later sole owner of the 10,000-acre New Switzerland plantation on the St. Johns River west of St. Augustine, as well as two other large properties in North Florida. She was highly educated for a woman of her time. In 1812, the family&#39;s plantation house was attacked and partially burned during the East Florida Patriot War. After they rebuilt between 1822 and 1824, Louisa — who never married — helped her frail stepmother run the household.</p><br>
<p>The New Switzerland plantation was torched a second time during the Second Seminole War, which began in 1835. In 1836, Fatio moved to St. Augustine. The city was filled with military personnel and refugees from the war, and she found work managing boarding houses with her sister Eliza. Fatios reputation for fine food and accommodations grew. First-hand accounts, such as Charles Lanmans Adventures in the Wilds of the United States, note her reputation as a hostess: "From personal experience I can speak of one...of these establishments kept by Miss Fatio, a most estimable and popular lady; and if the others are as home-like and comfortable as this, the ancient city may well be proud of her houses for the accommodation of travelers and invalids."</p><br>
<p>Under Fatios management, the house on Aviles Street became known as Miss Fatios. The establishment was a fixture in St. Augustine until her death in 1875. The Fatio House is a setting in Constance Fenimore Woolsons fictional story about visitors to St. Augustine. Titled "The Ancient City," it was published in two parts by Harpers New Monthly Magazine in 1874 and 1875.</p><br>
<p>Sometime after 1855, Fatio added a second floor of bedrooms above the one-story wing on the north end of the main house. For years, experts thought the addition was completed during Margaret Cook&#39;s ownership in the 1830s. The theory was overturned in 2009, when dendrochronology experts from the University of Florida and the University of Tennessee dated the wood in the framing of the upper-floor wing to the latter half of the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>Eugenia Price made Louisa Fatio a major character in her 1965 (commemorative edition 2008) novel, Margarets Story, the third volume in Prices "Florida Trilogy." One of its settings is Fatio&#39;s boarding house in St. Augustine.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and design</h2><br>
<p>Historic records and structural studies indicate that the main house and detached kitchen were built in 1798. Both are constructed of coquina rock quarried on nearby Anastasia Island. Coquina rock construction positions the house in the upper tier of St. Augustine residences of the Second Spanish Period. It is an exceptional example of St. Augustine Plan architecture. This hybrid style blends elements of Spanish Colonial architecture with more elegant Federal-style architecture introduced during Floridas British Period (1763-1784). The propertys detached coquina kitchen with beehive oven is the only original 18th century detached kitchen in St. Augustine.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>Ximenez-Fatio House Museum is notable for:</p><br>
<p>its architecture</p><br>
<p>authenticity achieved through a decades-long restoration and interpretation process conducted by some of America&#39;s foremost historians and historic architects, and further informed by extensive archaeological exploration</p><br>
<p>insights about Florida tourists and how they lived</p><br>
<p>contributions to a deeper understanding of 19th century women&#39;s history in Florida</p><br>
<p>The property has been recognized with the following designations:</p><br>
<p>1936 — Historic American Buildings Survey</p><br>
<p>1973 — National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>1984 — St. Augustine Town Plan National Historic Landmark District</p><br>
<p>2012 — Florida Heritage Landmark</p><br>
<h2>Florida&#39;s territorial period</h2><br>
<p>In 1822, Florida was formally organized as the Florida Territory. No longer impeded by an international border, Americans began traveling to Florida. Naturalists who visited reported exotic flora and fauna. Adventurers came in hopes of making their fortunes in the new territory. Physicians in northeastern states recommended Floridas mild winters to patients suffering from a variety of illnesses, especially tuberculosis (consumption). Although travel to the Florida peninsula was arduous, St. Augustine became a popular destination. Visitors often stayed for several months. Most were accustomed to a higher standard of living than the typical St. Augustine resident enjoyed, and preferred the more individual attention offered in a boarding house, as opposed to the citys public hotels. This era in St. Augustine&#39;s history — after Florida was ceded to the United States in 1821 and well before the grand Flagler hotels opened in the second half of the 1880s — was the beginning of tourism in Florida. By 1834, there were six boarding houses in the city. More would open in the years ahead.</p><br>
<p>The central conflict during Florida&#39;s territorial period was with the Seminole. Earlier in the 1800s, a series of battles that was the first of three Seminole Wars sought to prevent Seminoles from harboring runaway slaves and to protect the right of white settlers to occupy land in Florida. A Second Seminole War began in 1835. It pivoted on the issue of Indian removal, a plan to move all Seminoles in Florida to land west of the Mississippi by 1835. A number of the Seminole chose to fight rather than leave their homes. In 1835, warriors led by Osceola began waging guerilla warfare. They attacked and burned plantations on the St. Johns River and elsewhere in Northeast and Central Florida. Local volunteers joined USA forces and state militia to fight the Seminoles. Fort Marion in St. Augustine became the center for USA military action, with Army officers often billeting at boarding houses and hotels in the city. Displaced settlers and families from nearby plantations sought refuge in St. Augustine. Visitors from outside Florida continued to travel to St. Augustine, though their numbers slowed during the heat of the conflict. During this tumultuous period, St. Augustine was crowded with people requiring room and board. In 1845, when Florida joined the Union as the 27th state, the boarding house industry was firmly established, with a reputation as a healing destination for invalids.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological discoveries</h2><br>
<p>The Ximenez-Fatio House has been the site of more than 15 archaeological digs — more than any other property in St. Augustine, according to St. Augustine City Archaeologist Carl Halbirt. Archaeologists including Dr. Charles Fairbanks, Dr. Kathleen Deagan and others have found evidence of human occupation on the property dating back to the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. A sub-surface sampling survey of the city conducted by Dr. Deagan in 1976 placed the Ximenez-Fatio lot at the approximate center of the 16th century Spanish settlement. In 2015, she observed that the property continues to invite exploration — in part because, "there is occupation going back to the founding of St. Augustine, and so its possible to really look at the whole spectrum of the citys occupation." According to Halbirt and Deagan, the high-ground position of the site — and artifacts discovered there — suggest that the property was inhabited by St. Augustine&#39;s upper class from the beginning of the colonial period and that there was continual activity in the centuries that followed.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence of how people lived in 1800s St. Augustine helped to confirm the interpretation of the property as a boarding house. For example, animal bones in abandoned trash pits provided clues to what was served on the table, shards of china helped identify the pattern used during Sarah Petty Anderson&#39;s ownership, and a cache of silver buttons and pins led to the discovery of a laundry shed footprint. In 2003, archaeologists found a rare 17th-century double-barred, white bronze Caravaca cross at the bottom of a 19th-century trash pit. Crafted in Spain, it predates the boarding house era by two centuries and is the most mysterious object found on the site to date.</p><br>
<p>A major archaeological investigation began on February 3, 2015, at the front of the Ximenez-Fatio House property adjacent to Aviles Street. Led by Carl Halbirt, it concluded on March 14, 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Historical research</h2><br>
<p>After purchasing the Ximenez House in 1939, the Florida Dames were inspired by members of the Carnegie Restoration Committee to engage the most knowledgeable consultants available. Over the years, they have included architects Charles E. Peterson, Blair Reeves, Herschel Shepard, Charles Phillips and Joseph Oppermann; archaeologists Robert Steinbach, Dr. Charles Fairbanks, and, Kathleen Deagan; historians William Seale, Charles Tingley; and curator Robert Harper. Seale, who helped restore many historical American buildings, including a number of state capitals, conducted extensive research on the Ximenez-Fatio House in the 1970s. His research helped guide the Colonial Dames in their interpretation of the house during Florida&#39;s territorial days.</p><br>
<p>Historic sources include early maps and deed transfers, letters, journals, wills, marriage licenses and sales records. Researchers have also traced activity on the property using city maps that show footprints of residences built in St. Augustine during Spanish and British colonial times. The first recorded Spanish owner of the property was Cristoval Contreras. Artifacts found during a dig are believed to date from his occupation and corroborate with documentary evidence that Contreras was from the upper echelon of St. Augustine society.</p><br>
<p>Recorded deeds show four owners during St. Augustine&#39;s British Period. Evidence is strong that the Spanish Crown reclaimed the property after the British exited Florida in 1783, and that it was sold by auction in 1791. House historians point to a map (de la Rocque Map, on file at the St. Augustine Historical Society) from the period that depicts the ruins of a stone house on the site and a note on the 1791 transfer deed that reports a structure in shambles and a property assessed as "lot only".</p><br>
<p>A later transfer deed shows that the new owner sold the property to local merchant Don Andres Ximenez in 1797. At that time Ximenez already owned a house with general store across the street. The house with detached kitchen that he built on his new property was mentioned in his 1802 will, providing historians with a reference point to date construction. Ximenezs later will of 1806 lists the house and its contents, which included, " grocery store and a billiard table with everything pertaining to it". Many of the stores contents appear to have been sold after his death. From sales records, historians have a window into a St. Augustine general store of that time. Ximenez sold tobacco, children&#39;s reading books, palm leaf brooms, assorted vases, empty bottles, reams of white paper and bone buttons.</p><br>
<p>Legal documents help visualize the house as originally built. An assessment of the property taken shortly after the death of Andres Ximenez calculated the approximate quantity and worth of the masonry and wood elements. In a report dated July 8, 1806, the city&#39;s Master Carpenter Martin Hernandez documented 15 doors, 16 windows, wood for floors, ceilings and partitions, a stairway with pantry underneath, handrail and balusters, a roof with four windows and wood for moldings and trimmings. Hernandez also counted three doors, three windows and a shingle roof for the kitchen building and noted additional wood structures such as a privy, wash shed and wooden fences. Jose Lorente, Master Mason, calculated the overall measurements of the main house and warehouses that housed merchandise for the Ximenez store. In general, the main house that has survived into the 21st century matches up well with this 1806 assessment.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and interpretation</h2><br>
<p>For three decades after they acquired the property, the NSCDA-FL worked on repairs. In 1970, the house was awarded a National Trust for Historic Preservation grant. It enabled NSCDA-FL to hire architect Charles E. Peterson, considered one of the founding fathers of historic preservation in the United States. Previously, Peterson had established the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) and was a founding member of the Association for Preservation Technology (APT). He visited the Ximenez-Fatio House twice in 1972. His observations were published in an article titled "Tour of Ximenez-Fatio House" in the St. Augustine Record on January 8 and 9, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Peterson was a stickler for accurate restoration and truthful interpretation at a time when these were novel ideas. He taught the Dames how to find their interpretation period. Years of in-depth research followed. NSCDA-FL research committee members studied city maps, historic newspaper articles, letters and journals; compared details in related houses such as St. Augustines Second Spanish Period Don Manuel Solana House; analyzed artifacts found underground; and consulted the findings of historians and architects. Their discoveries led them to focus on a little-known time in St. Augustines history — the boarding house era, which was at its peak during the 1830s and 1840s. Following Peterson&#39;s advice, the Dames also documented house features in detail, published information to attract interest from the academic community, and got the property listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, restoration efforts continued. Peterson introduced the Dames to architect Blair Reeves. Through Reeves, they hired architect Herschel Shepard. Shepard later helped restore the historic 1902 Florida State Capitol in Tallahassee, Fort Foster in Hillsborough County and other important sites in Florida. He was involved in Ximenez-Fatio House research and restoration from 1973 to 1979.</p><br>
<p>Based on physical evidence such as construction details, nail chronology and saw marks rather than solely on stylistic features, Shepard believed that most of the remodeling undertaken to transform the residence into a boarding house occurred between 1830 and 1840. He investigated features throughout the house with the object of understanding how the house was modified over time.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the NSCDA-FL was awarded a National Trust for Historic Preservation grant to hire historical consultant William Seale. Seale was previously curator of cultural history at the Smithsonian Institution and a nationally known historian and author. He helped guide the Dames in their interpretation. Seale provided a summary of how he would interpret each room of the boarding house, including appropriate furnishings, room arrangements and resources for further research. The acquisitions committee then began a long search for house contents. Their primary guideline was that all pieces purchased for the house must be documented as having been available in St. Augustine during the interpretation period. Items were sourced from antique stores, estate sales and private collections in Northeast Florida, Southeast Georgia and elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Seales most recent visit to the property was in 2006. In his follow-up report, he called the boarding house interpretation executed by the Dames in the 1970s "as valid as ever, reflecting current interests in the history field over the nation." Seale conjectured that Ximenez-Fatio House Museum may be the first historic house in the country to feature the story of a succession of women surviving economically in what was considered a mans world, and commercializing their domestic skills to do so.</p><br>
<p>Ongoing preservation of Ximenez-Fatio House is funded through grants, NSCDA-FL dues and private donations. Joseph K. Oppermann is currently lead architect for the house.</p><br>
<h2>The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America in The State of Florida</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1891, The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America (NSCDA) is dedicated to inspiring understanding and respect for America&#39;s origins as a nation. The national organization and its 44 corporate societies are active in 43 states and the District of Columbia. Across America, Colonial Dames further their mission through patriotic programs, educational outreach, historical projects and in many other ways. For example, the NSCDA is a national leader in historic preservation, restoration and the interpretation of historic sites. The National Trust for Historic Preservation recognized its work at 85 historic properties with the Trustee Emeritus Award for the Stewardship of Historic Sites. NSCDA-FL, the Florida society of The Colonial Dames of America, owns and operates the Ximenez-Fatio House Museum in St. Augustine.</p><br>
<p>The St. Augustine Civic Center  is a historic site in St. Augustine, Florida. It is located at 10 Castillo Drive. On April 21, 2005, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Though the given address is at 10 Castillo Drive, the actual location is on the southwest corner of West Castillo Drive and South Castillo Drive, the latter of which is part of an overlap of US Business Route 1 and Florida State Road A1A. The Civic Center is next door to the St. Augustine Huguenot Cemetery, and contains a mile-marker for the eastern terminus of the Old Spanish Trail. An intermodal parking garage can be found behind the civic center with a bus loop along West Castillo Drive, and another one extending north from the intersection of Orange Street and Cordova Street.</p><br>
<p>Forest Hill is a historic neighborhood spanning parts of Cleveland Heights and East Cleveland, Ohio, and is bordered to the north by Glynn Road, the south by Mayfield Road, by Lee Boulevard to the west and North Taylor Road to the east. Forest Hill was once the beloved summer home of oil magnate John D. Rockefeller and his family. John D. Rockefeller Jr. purchased the estate from his father in 1923 and, with New York City architect Andrew J. Thomas, planned an upscale residential and commercial development featuring distinctive French Norman style architecture. Although the Great Depression forced Rockefeller to suspend operations, following World War II others were drawn to Forest Hill to build comfortable colonial and contemporary ranch homes on the remaining open land. Design principles of the Rockefeller-Thomas plan were extended to the later development and today Forest Hill is a rich tapestry of people, homes and gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Skagit River Hydroelectric Project is a series of dams with hydroelectric power-generating stations on the Skagit River in the north of the USA state of Washington. The project is owned and operated by Seattle City Light to provide electric power for the City of Seattle and surrounding communities.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, hydro-electric dams provided approximately 89.8 percent of the electricity used in Seattle. The Skagit Hydroelectric Project alone accounts for about 20 percent of Seattle City Light&#39;s electricity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1917, James Delmage Ross, superintendent of lighting for Seattle, obtained approval from the Department of Agriculture to build dams on the Skagit River. The city council approved $1.5 million in bonds for construction and appointed Carl F. Uhden as the project superintendent. The construction camp was set up at the mouth of Newhalem Creek, giving the unincorporated community its name.</p><br>
<p>Uhden hired contractors to build a 25-mile rail line to Gorge Creek, allowing Seattle City Light to control access to the area. After the railroad reached the site above Newhalem, a two-mile tunnel was dug between the dam and the powerhouse. Work was frequently delayed by floods, mudslides, and avalanches. The schedule was further delayed by workers leaving to hunt for gold, labor troubles, a forest fire, and a shortage of electricity. Although Ross had estimated that the Skagit River operation would provide electricity to Seattle by 1921, those various delays pushed the date to 1924.</p><br>
<p>The Gorge Dam generators were formally started by President Calvin Coolidge on September 17, 1924.</p><br>
<p>In August 2021 Seattle City Light announced that it will undertake a study of the possibility of removing one or more of the Skagit dams for environmental reasons.</p><br>
<p>The dams were threatened by the Sourdough Fire in August 2023, which prompted the evacuation of City Light facilities in the area and reduction in output for the dams.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>The three major dams in the Skagit River Project are (from lower to upper) Gorge Dam, Diablo Dam, and Ross Dam. The dams are located in Whatcom County above the town of Newhalem, which lies just west of North Cascades National Park. Ross Lake, formed by Ross Dam extends into British Columbia, which is 20 miles upriver from the dam. Ross Lake National Recreation Area surrounds the lake.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Gorge Dam began in 1921 and the first power was delivered to Seattle in 1924. The cost of the dam was $13 million ($153,339,181 in 2006 dollars). In 1961 a new Gorge High Dam was completed (300 ft) to replace the original Gorge Dam.</p><br>
<p>This dam was featured in Alan Pakula&#39;s 1974 thriller The Parallax View, starring Warren Beatty.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Diablo Dam was begun in 1927, five miles upstream from Gorge Dam. Diablo Dam was completed in 1930, and at that time was the tallest dam in the world at 389 ft until Owyhee Dam was built. Although the dam was complete, financial problems due to the Great Depression delayed building the powerhouse, so the dam produced no electricity for Seattle until 1936.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Ruby Dam at the Rip Raps below Ruby Creek began in 1937. This dam was renamed Ross Dam after the death of James Delmage Ross (1872&ndash;1939), the superintendent of the Skagit River Project. Construction of Ross Dam was to take place in three stages and the first stage was completed in 1940. The second and third stages were completed in 1953 when the dam was built to its final height of 540 ft.</p><br>
<p>All three dams are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The total cost of the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project was $250 million over 50 years.</p><br>
<h2>Hydroelectric power capacity</h2><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>From 1928 until the start of World War II, City Light offered guided tours of the Skagit Project. From Rockport, visitors rode City Light&#39;s steam locomotive 23 miles to Newhalem. Dormitories were provided, as were meals in The Gorge Inn. The next day, visitors boarded another train to Diablo, where they toured the powerhouse and rode an incline lift to the top of the dam. Next, they rode a barge or tour boat to Ruby Creek, then returned to Rockport. Over 100,000 people visited the Skagit Project by 1941. After the war, shortened tours resumed.</p><br>
<p>Current tours sponsored by City Light include a boat tour, a walking tour, and a combination walking-and-van tour.</p><br>
<p>Garnet is a ghost town in Granite County, Montana, United States. A thriving mining town in the 1890s, Garnet&#39;s population declined when local hard rock mines closed. The remaining buildings have been preserved and are open to visitors. The site is managed by the Bureau of Land Management.</p><br>
<p>Garnet is located 11 mi north of the junction of Interstate 90, USA Route 12 and Bear Gulch Rd. in the Bureau of Land Management&#39;s Garnet Resource Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Miners prospected in the Garnet Mountains beginning in the 1860s. When a stamp mill was built at First Chance Gulch in 1895, a small town grew up nearby. Originally named Mitchell, the town changed its name to Garnet in 1897. In its heyday, Garnet boasted close to thirteen saloons (bars), as well as grocery stores, a barber shop, mercantile store, and three hotels. The hotels were started for passersby or people coming to pick up gold. Their rates typically ranged from $1–3, and the poor miners who could not afford that price could sleep in the attic without any windows for a quarter.</p><br>
<p>Architects/builders included Ole Dahl, who built Dahl Saloon (also known as Oles and as "The Joint") and the Dahl House, Robert Moore who built Kellys Saloon, Hugh Hannifen who built Hannifen House, Judson and Blaidsell who built the F.A. Davey Store, and John and Winifred Wells who built the Wells Hotel. Supplies needed in Garnet were generally obtained from nearby Bearmouth.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, as many as one thousand people lived in Garnet, but the boom was short lived. By 1900, three hundred people called the town home. Population declined, rose, and declined again with the fortunes of local mines. A fire in 1912 destroyed much of the town.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Despite this, Garnet is one of the states best preserved ghost towns with 16,000 visitors annually. The annual celebration the third Saturday of each year is Garnet Day. Garnets oldest living member, Mary Jane Adams Morin, came to visit every year.</p><br>
<p>The town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Garnet Historic District, a historic district, in 2010. The listing included 82 contributing buildings, 46 contributing structures, and 56 contributing sites, as well as four non-contributing buildings, on 134 acre. The buildings are mostly at the north end of First Chance Gulch, but the listing includes mining structures in a wider area extending in all directions from the town site.</p><br>
<p>The area is owned by the USA Bureau of Land Management and is included in its Garnet Resource Area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In First Chance Gulch in western Montana, the town is located 11 miles up the Garnet Range Road, in mountains and forest. The town is at approximately 6,000 ft elevation. The nearest city is Missoula, approximately 20 mi to the west. The closest city to the east is Butte, about 100 mi away.</p><br>
<p>The Sánchez Adobe Park, home to the Sánchez Adobe, is located in Pacifica, California, at 1000 Linda Mar Boulevard, on the north bank of San Pedro Creek, approximately 1,470 m from the Pacific Ocean in Linda Mar Valley. The 5.46 acre county park, established in 1947 contains the Sanchez Adobe Historical site, designated a National Register Historical District in 1976 and is California registered landmark 391.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park site has a long and rich history. The Sánchez Adobe at the park is considered the finest example of Mexican era architecture in San Mateo County. Archaeological and historical evidence identify four main periods of history, followed by the purchase of the site by the County of San Mateo in 1947.</p><br>
<h3>Native American Ohlone history</h3><br>
<p>Prior to 1786, the Ramaytush band of the Ohlone people had a settlement on the site, the village of Pruristac. Evidence of the village remains by a shell midden, located near the present day park ranger building. The Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portolà camped nearby in 1769, ~1 mi to the west from 31 October through 3 November, during the Portolà expedition in the upper Las Californias Province of New Spain. Journals from the expedition record of his group&#39;s meetings with the villagers, describe hunting and eating a grizzly bear, and the construction of the village structures.</p><br>
<p>The first indigenous person baptised at the Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) was the 20-year-old Chamis in 1777. He was from the Ohlone village of Chutchui, and his mother lived at Pruristac. In 1782 and 1783, many of the people in Pruristac, including the village captain Mossués and village leader Liquiique with their wives and daughters, went through Indian Reductions and relocated as Mission Indians to Mission Dolores. The mission was near the pueblo of Yerba Buena, which in 1847 become the city of San Francisco in Alta California. Two men of this group from Pruristac, with the baptismal names Hilarion and George, served as Indian leaders at Mission Dolores. They were alcades of the mission at the time of their deaths in 1807, while part of a Spanish posse during a skirmish with the Suisunes tribe.</p><br>
<h3>Mission period: 1786 to 1834</h3><br>
<p>In 1776 the Spanish established a Mission and Presidio at nearby San Francisco, and baptismal records identify many Ohlone people from Pruristac emigrated to Mission Dolores. In 1786, the Mission established a asistencia, an outpost known as San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia, at the site for the purpose of Missionary work and farming in support of the Mission. The site consisted of a granary, a chapel and four other rooms surrounding three sides of a plaza. Little remains of these original buildings, but archeological study has identified the location to be at the northeastern part of the park grounds. Initially, the farming included wheat, corn, beans, barley, asparagus, peas, rosemary, grape, peach and quince. Four years later, the farming was abandoned following a dramatic decline in the Native American population, after which the outpost subsisted through cattle ranching. The outpost was abandoned in 1834 with the dismantling of the California Mission network.</p><br>
<h3>Mexican rancho period: 1839 to 1848</h3><br>
<p>Francisco Sánchez, Commandante of the San Francisco Presidio and eighth alcade of the City of San Francisco, was awarded a land grant by the government of Mexico that included much of what is now northwestern San Mateo County. He built an adobe residence near the center of this 9,000 acre ranch, known as Rancho San Pedro, in the San Pedro Valley (now Linda Mar Valley) at the site of the abandoned Mission Outpost San Pedro y San Pablo. It is widely speculated that he reused some of the bricks from the Outpost to construct the Adobe, which he began in 1842 and completed in 1846.</p><br>
<h3>American/Kirkpatrick period: 1871 to 1946</h3><br>
<p>Edward Kirkpatrick purchased the property in 1871 and remodeled the Adobe extensively during the late 1880s, enlarging it to twenty rooms. In the following decades, the Adobe served a variety of purposes including a hotel called the Adobe House, and during Prohibition as a speakeasy. Ultimately, the Adobe served as a farm building associated with artichoke farming in San Pedro Valley during the 1940s.</p><br>
<h3>Modern period</h3><br>
<p>The County of San Mateo purchased the Sánchez Adobe and the surrounding 5.46 acre in 1947, and began a comprehensive restoration project completed in 1953. This included structural and architectural restoration of the Adobe and construction of several outbuildings on the park property including a caretakers residence. In 2002, the Adobe was further restored with a new roof.</p><br>
<p>The City of Pacifica celebrates early California history with an annual event in mid-September known as Rancho Days, including music, historical reenactments and food.</p><br>
<p>Hundreds gathered on October 26, 2019, at the Sanchez Adobe site to celebrate the Ohlone, the first inhabitants of the Peninsula. This was the first "Ohlone Day" celebration and was highlighted by special salutes to the first people who lived at the site, the Aramai of the Ramaytush Ohlone village of Pruristac. The park also opened a new visitor center the same day.</p><br>
<p>The San Mateo County History Museum operates Sanchez Adobe as an historic house museum. Visitors can explore the home, look at artifacts from archaeological digs and view the location of the original farm buildings. Admission is free. The museum offers school programs designed to teach students about life on a California rancho.</p><br>
<p>The American National Bank Building  is a historic bank in Pensacola, Florida, United States. On November 17, 1978, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by New York architect J. E. R. Carpenter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower was erected in 1910 at a cost of $250,000. It was the tallest building in Florida at the time of its completion, and remained the tallest in the City of Pensacola until 1974. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 17 November 1978.</p><br>
<p>Its location on the northeast corner of Palafox and Government Streets, is also the site of the first telephone exchange in Florida with exclusive operating rights, established by Southern Bell on September 1, 1880, and serving 31 telephones.</p><br>
<p>Seville Tower is currently used as office space.</p><br>
<p>The American National Bank Building  at 1330 Main Street in Sarasota, Florida, United States is a historic bank. It was also a Hotel and Retirement Home. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and bank usage</h3><br>
<p>The American National Bank was built on the former property of the Belle Haven Hotel known earlier as the DeSoto Hotel built in 1886. The hotel in May 1925 was put for sale at a price of $533,000 ($ in ) and was bought by the Adair Reality and Trust of Atlanta, Georgia. After purchasing the hotel, there were plans to tear it down and replace it with a new one. There had been rumors that it would be replaced with an office building. In March 1926, the foundations of the building were laid with all building materials sent in before being built, and by April 1926, it was at 4 stories. On April 29, 1926, an article by The Week in Sarasota titled "New Belle Haven Hotel on Bay Front Marks New Epoch in History of Sarasota and Its Commanding Position as a Resort City." The cost of the building was estimated to be at about $3,000,000 to $3,500,000 (about $ to $ in ). In April 1926, the American National Bank moved into the new building.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel usage</h3><br>
<p>Sarasota in the 1930s saw a growth in tourism. In 1936, Joseph Spadaro from Boca Grande bought it and converted it into a hotel. It was described by R.L. Polk City Phone Directories as "a fireproof building built of steel and concrete, steam heat and with 2 elevators and 125 rooms". There was a room called the Aztec Room a cocktail lounge was popular with tourists and residents in the area. The hotel was sold in 1946 to Louis Swed from Tampa and Associates for $225,000 (about $ in ). There were plans to redo the hotels rooms and add a coffee bar and a restaurant. In 1946 the Orange Blossom Hotel Corporation was formed and had Lewis Swed, Jack Shapiro and M. B. Sullivan as executives. In 1950 the hotel was sold to Elizabeth Fitizie and Mrs. Thomas Kewley for in excess of $300,000 (worth about $ in ). The new owners took a major part in the hotels operation and the dining room. The Hotel did have Jimmy Roosevelt and Peter Lawford as notable guests of the hotel. The hotel struggled with business during the 1950s and 1960s when new hotels were being opened in Sarasota.</p><br>
<h3>Retirement Facility</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, it was announced that the Trustees of the Sarasota Non-Profit Foundation had purchased the hotel and decided to use it as a nursing home with 60 rooms. The next year, the hotel was modernized and made it into the Building Magazine as a Modernization Citation. In the 1980s, many of its lifetime tenants no longer occupied the building, which led to its closure.</p><br>
<p>Fort Selden was a United States Army post, occupying the area in what is now Radium Springs, New Mexico. The site was long a campground along the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. It was the site of a Confederate Army camp in 1861. The USA Army established Fort Selden in 1865 for the purpose of protecting westward settlers from Native American raids, but the post fell into disrepair after the American Civil War. It was ultimately abandoned in 1891, due in large part to the decision to expand Fort Bliss and the lack of any expenditures for repair of the facility.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Paraje de Robledo</h3><br>
<p>For centuries the site of Fort Selden had been the Paraje de Robledo, a camp site along the course of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro on the east bank of the Rio Grande. The campground or paraje was named for an old Spanish soldier, Pedro Robledo, who died and was buried there on the 1598 expedition of Juan de Oñate. It became known as La Cruz de Robledo because of the cross originally marking his grave there. Later the name was shortened to Paraje Robledo.</p><br>
<p>Paraje Robledo was the last stop along the Rio Grande before the route of the Camino Real left the river to enter the Jornada del Muerto on the way north toward Santa Fe. By the time of the American Civil War, the Mesilla Valley around Las Cruces had developed a population base who valued the fertile land along the Rio Grande and were suffering from attacks by the Apache. Also, travelers along Camino Real that passed through the area were uneasy about moving further north on the Jornada del Muerto.</p><br>
<h3>Camp Robledo</h3><br>
<p>In 1861, the Confederate Army established a post, Camp Robledo, at the Paraje de Robledo to guard the approaches from the north to the Mesilla Valley of Confederate Arizona along the Rio Grande and across the Jornada del Muerto on the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. It was used as a base for cavalry patrols and operations against Fort Craig and other places in Union held New Mexico Territory.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Selden</h3><br>
<p>Fort Selden was located in Doña Ana County, 12 miles north of Las Cruces, New Mexico. It was established in 1865 at the Paraje de Robledo in an effort to bring peace among the varied inhabitants in the south central region of present-day New Mexico. It was named in honor of Col. Henry Raymond Selden who had served many years in New Mexico Territory before and during the American Civil War and had died of illness in Doña Ana County, and buried at Fort Union on February 2, 1865. The primary intent of the fort was to protect settlers and travelers in the Mesilla Valley from attacks by desperados and Mescalero Apache Indians. Built near the banks of the Rio Grande, the adobe fort housed units of the California Volunteer Cavalry, USA Army Infantry and Cavalry.</p><br>
<p>The first troops to occupy the fort were Company M 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers from 31 July 1865 to 31 August 1866, and subsequently companies of the 125th US Colored Infantry Regiment, a group of African-American enlisted soldiers from Kentucky who had been mustered into the Union Army near the close of the American Civil War. Several of the units assigned later, including the 38th Infantry Regiment, 9th US Cavalry and 10th US Cavalry, all composed of black troopers, sometimes referred to as Buffalo Soldiers. As a testament to their bravery, nine Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor while serving in New Mexico Territory.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, Captain Arthur MacArthur Jr., 13th Infantry, was assigned as post commander. With him was his wife and two young sons, Arthur MacArthur III, age 7, and Douglas MacArthur, age 4. In his memoirs, MacArthur wrote that it was at Fort Selden that he and his brother "learned to ride and shoot, even before we learned to read and write." The MacArthurs spent two years at Fort Selden before Captain MacArthur was transferred to Fort Wingate.</p><br>
<p>By late 1886, the frontier had rapidly changed. Geronimos surrender to Brigadier General Nelson A. Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona ended the nations long Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>As a result, Army commander-in-chief, Lt. General William Tecumseh Sherman, ordered a consolidation of six military posts in southern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. He favored a giant, one-square-mile installation large enough to accommodate six troops of cavalry and six companies of infantry. Sherman further ordered that the permanent post be located near the junction of the Santa Fe Railroad and the Southern Pacific Railroad in southern New Mexico. For a time, Fort Selden was the leading candidate for the site of the new post, but because the railroads had brought spectacular growth to the El Paso, Texas area, Fort Bliss, was selected.</p><br>
<p>By 1890, criminals and raiding parties were no longer considered a threat as hostilities eventually lessened and the fort was no longer needed. Like many small forts in the American Southwest, the government decommissioned the fort and it was abandoned for the last time in 1891. On 20 January 1891, Lt. James Brett, commanding a small caretaker force, filed the final post return, which reported:</p><br>
<p>"All public property from this post having been disposed of, it was abandoned on this date."</p><br>
<h2>Fort Selden Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>For decades, the ruins of Fort Selden were consumed by the ravages of rain, snow and wind. Vandals, souvenir hunters and treasure-seekers added to its demise. In 1963, the land encompassing Fort Selden was donated to the state by Harry N. Bailey, a longtime resident of the area. In 1970, the fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and in 1974, the fort was declared a New Mexico State Monument. It is overseen by the New Mexico Historic Sites (formerly State Monuments) Division of the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs.</p><br>
<p>The present day ruins are available for viewing via an interpretive trail. A visitor center offers exhibits on frontier and military life. Fort Selden Historic Site is located 13 mi north of Las Cruces, New Mexico, off Exit 19 of Interstate 25, near Radium Springs, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Murray Theater is a theater located in Murray, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is one of the area&#39;s best examples of the Art Moderne style in theater architecture. The theater operated as both a first-run and second-run venue for motion pictures, and has been extensively renovated and redesigned during its history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Murray Theater, located at 4961 South State Street in Murray, Utah, was built in 1938 by Tony Duvall, who built the Gem and New Iris theaters in Murray, and Joseph L. Lawrence, who built the Villa and Southeast in Salt Lake and the Academy in Provo. It opened on 28 October 1938. The Murray Theater opened on 28 October 1938, showing “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” and “Hawaiian Holiday”. Advertisements from local papers show that it screened two of Hollywood&#39;s first major color films: Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz.</p><br>
<p>The Murray Eagle reported the new theater had a white front: “...amply lighted with the latest type of (fluorescent) lighting and the marquee and vertical sign trimmed in ruby red. The box office and entrance has been furnished in stainless steel. The lighting in the foyer and inner lobby is all in indirect tubing and is designed to blend harmoniously with the delicate wall decorations and the heavy red floor carpets. The spacious auditorium is fitted with full upholstered chairs which are so situated that every patron may have an unobstructed view of the screen. The auditorium is also lighted with concealed tubing. The aisles are five and one-half feet wide. The latest microphonic sound system and projection equipment has been installed. The theater has been provided with air conditioning, as well as large rest rooms with an ‘ultra-modern’ lounge for the ladies.” In September 1964, Art M. Jolley purchased the Murray from Fox-Intermountain Theaters. By the end of January 1965 he completed a $15,000 “modernization program” on the theater. In 1981, Mr. Jolley sold the Murray to another party, but later he took the theater back. In 1989, after the death of Art Jolley, the Jolley family sold the theater to his son-in-law, Steve Webb. Steve Webb operated the Murray as a second-run theater, with the help of his wife and children, and his brother. The Murray closed for two days, starting 28 October 1992, so the stage could be enlarged to accommodate live performances. Vandermeide, who had been performing at the Avalon, then moved his hypnotist show to the Murray. In October 1999 the Murray Theater closed suddenly. The theater was to be auctioned in February 2000.</p><br>
<p>In October 2001, the Murray Theater was bought by the Murray Unity Spiritual Center. The interior was remodeled with a bookstore, a Sunday School, a prayer room, and a new coffee shop. The auditorium became a 550-seat sanctuary. The Unity Spiritual Center vacated the theater in the summer of 2004 and the theater. In early 2006 the theater was remodeled as a live entertainment and dancing venue with a new stage, extensive sound, light and video technology and tiered seating platforms with a large dance floor. A pizza restaurant, built in a connected building to the south of the theater operated as a part of the theater enterprise. In December 2007, the theater was named the Murray Super Theater and hosted a variety of musical acts cultural events, private parties, and wrestling venue. The owners of the Murray Super Theater folded operations during the Great Recession.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, Murray City bought the theater and incorporated it as part of its Murray City Center District redevelopment zone. The City announced in 2018 that it was investing in significant renovations to the theater to become a film and performance venue.</p><br>
<p>The S. H. Kress and Co. Building is a historic 1928 building in Tampa, Florida, United States. It was part of the S. H. Kress & Co. "five and dime" department store chain. The store closed in 1981, and has since remained vacant. on April 7, 1983, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Located at 811 N. Franklin Street, the building has a second fronting on Florida Avenue and is in the Renaissance Revival architectural style. G.E. Mackey was the four-story building&#39;s architect, and it includes masonry, suspended bronze marquee, extensive use of terra-cotta ornamentation (on both of its facades). It was "one of the last major commercial structures built in Tampa before the Great Depression".</p><br>
<p>The Kress building is located between former Woolworth and J.J. Newberry stores, although the block is commonly known as the "Kress block." Lunch-counter sit-ins and protests at the block were held by civil rights activists at the Woolworth store in the 1960s to protest segregated lunch counters in Tampa. Today, there is a historical marker commemorating the movement.</p><br>
<h2>Attempts at Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>Redevelopment plans for the Kress and the surrounding block date to at least 1987. Richard Wellhouse Stein planned to renovate the nearby structures to match the Kress façade, and add a nine-story atrium house nearly 200,000 square feet of office space.</p><br>
<p>Plans by the Doran Jason Group to demolish two of the buildings and replace them with a "massive" condo development were held off in 2006. The Kress building would have been used as a lobby with office and retail space.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, a fundraiser at the Kress building was cancelled due to the dispute over redevelopment plans.</p><br>
<p>The building was planned for social gatherings during the 2012 Republican Convention in Tampa, although the RNC kept details about the gathering secret.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, plans for renovation and a 24-story addition and conversion of the block into a hotel were proposed, then scrapped.</p><br>
<p>The block, including the Kress building, was purchased in 2017 by the Wilson Company, a Tampa-based property management firm. Statements at the time of purchase indicate plans to preserve, renovate, and redevelop the block.</p><br>
<p>The S. H. Kress and Co. Building, a historic building located at 475 Central Avenue at the corner of 5th Street S. in downtown St. Petersburg, Florida. It was built in 1927 in the classical Commercial style influenced by the Beaux-Arts movement. The building operated as a "five and-dime" store from 1927 until the company closed it c.1981.</p><br>
<p>The building is located within the Downtown St. Petersburg Historic District, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 1, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The S. H. Kress and Co. Building at 140 South Beach Street in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States is celebrating its 91st year in continuous operation now as home to 40 professional office suite businesses in the historic building. In 1932 it was designed as one of America&#39;s 225 architectural "Main Street" treasures of the S. H. Kress & Co. "five and dime" department store chain. On July 7, 1983, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building is owned by Mac Smith, a Daytona Beach businessman who has owned it for over 40 years. It was subdivided into of office space in the early 1980s. Among the major professional office suites is the Celebration Title Group, the Balliker Art Gallery, Guaranteed Rate, DC Construction Company, Jane Devine, LMFT, Musca Law, Prime Lending, Zinn Legal, Street Smarts, Shawn Brown Insurance, Strategic Wealth Investments, William Weeks Architecture. Volusia Land Management Group, The office building is a family partnership business operated by the Smith family and dedicated to reinvigorating the downtown business community.</p><br>
<p>Hales Bar Dam was a hydroelectric dam once located on the Tennessee River in Marion County, Tennessee, United States. The Chattanooga and Tennessee River Power Company began building the dam on October 17, 1905, and completed it on November 11, 1913, making Hales Bar one of the first major multipurpose dams and one of the first major dams to be built across a navigable channel in the United States. It began operation on November 13, 1913.</p><br>
<p>On August 15, 1939, the Tennessee Valley Authority, which had been established by the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration to develop and regulate flood control and hydropower in the Valley, assumed control of Hales Bar Dam after purchasing TEPCO&#39;s assets through Eminent Domain. It had conducted a lengthy court battle that went all the way to the US Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>The TVA worked for two decades trying to fix a leakage problem that had plagued Hales Bar since its construction. But, after continued leakage and determining that expanding the dam&#39;s navigation lock would be too expensive, TVA decided to replace the dam. It built Nickajack Dam 6 mi downstream. Hales Bar Dam ceased operation on December 14, 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Location and capacity</h2><br>
<p>Hales Bar Dam was located along the Tennessee River at 431 mi above the rivers mouth, near the southwest end of the Tennessee River Gorge. The dams reservoir extended up the river through the gorge all the way to Chattanooga, and had 162 mi of shoreline. Before the construction of Hales Bar, this was a particularly unpredictable and dangerous section of the river, with numerous navigation obstacles. Downstream from the dam site, the river begins to steady as it enters the hills and flatlands near Guntersville.</p><br>
<p>Hales Bar Dam was 113 ft high and 2,315 ft long, and its spillway had a combined discharge capacity of 224,000 cuft/s. After improvements by TVA in 1949, the dam had a generating capacity of 99,700 kilowatts. The dam&#39;s lock, which went into operation on November 1, 1913, was 60 ft by 260 ft, and its 41 ft lift was the highest in the world at that time.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Along with Muscle Shoals and the Elk River Shoals further downstream, the Tennessee River Gorge had long been one of the major impediments to river navigation in the upper Tennessee Valley. While various 19th-century canal projects had minor success in extending navigation across the shoals, the Tennessee River Gorge remained largely untamed.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, several Chattanooga business interests formed the Tennessee River Improvement Association to lobby for efforts to extend year-round navigation to Chattanooga, and around 1900, Major Dan C. Kingman of the USA Army Corps of Engineers drafted a design for a dam that would flood the Tennessee River Gorge and remove the swift current and various hazards that had long prevented large-scale navigation through this stretch of the river. In 1904, Kingmans friend, Josephus Conn Guild, offered to build the dam with private funding in exchange for the rights to the dams hydroelectric power. Congress passed the enabling legislation on April 27, 1904, and with funding from Chattanooga entrepreneur Charles E. James and New York financier Anthony Brady, Guild formed the Chattanooga and Tennessee River Power Company to oversee the project. The project was estimated to cost US$3,000,000 (equivalent to $ in ) but by the time the project was finished, it cost US$10,000,000 (equivalent to $ in ).</p><br>
<p>The dam&#39;s initial contractor, William J. Oliver and Company, began work on the dam in October 1905. Two self-contained communities, Guild (now Haletown) and Ladds, were built to house the thousands of construction workers needed to build the dam. The dam was originally slated for completion in 1909, but numerous difficulties, primarily related to the soft bedrock upon which the dam was built, continuously stalled construction. By 1910, only the lock and powerhouse had been completed. Engineers began to make progress after employing the use of pressure grouting and concrete caissons&mdash; the first use of either in a major dam construction project&mdash; and Hales Bar Dam was finished on November 11, 1913.</p><br>
<p>Leaks began to appear almost immediately after completion, however. In 1919, engineers attempted to minimize the leakage by pumping hot asphalt into the dam&#39;s foundation. This was temporarily successful, but by 1931, a study showed the dam was leaking at a rate of 1,000 cuft/s.</p><br>
<h2>TVA operations</h2><br>
<p>The passage of the TVA Act in 1933 created the Tennessee Valley Authority and gave it control of flood control and improvement initiatives in the Tennessee Valley. By this time, Chattanooga and Tennessee River Power had merged with several other companies to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company, or TEPCO. The new company was eventually headed by Guild&#39;s son, Jo Conn Guild, who was a fierce opponent of TVA. With the help of attorney Wendell Willkie, TEPCO challenged the constitutionality of the TVA Act in federal court. In 1939, however, the USA Supreme Court ruled in Tennessee Electric Power Company v. TVA, upholding the TVA Act. A few months later, TEPCO was forced to sell most of its assets, including Hales Bar Dam, to TVA for $78 million (equivalent to $ in ).</p><br>
<p>After gaining control of Hales Bar Dam in 1939, TVA carried out extensive repair work on the dams foundation; by 1943 this had succeeded in halting the dams leakage. In 1949, TVA increased the dams generating capacity and equipped the spillway with radial gates that helped extend the Hales Bar Reservoirs navigation channel to the base of Chickamauga Dam. In the late 1950s, however, boils began to appear in the water below Hales Bar Dam, and an investigation showed the dam was again leaking, this time at an alarming 2,000 cuft/s. Dye tests carried out in 1960 suggested that many of the leakage channels had interconnected, increasing the possibility of a future dam failure.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, TVA began expanding the size of its dam locks to accommodate the increase in river traffic in the Tennessee Valley since the end of World War II. A study in 1963 suggested that expanding the size of the Hales Bar lock would be extremely expensive and, considering the continued expenses involved with leak repair, TVA decided to replace the dam altogether. Nickajack Dam was authorized in January 1963 and construction was completed December 14, 1967. Operations were halted at Hales Bar Dam the following day, and by September 1968, Hales Bar Dam had been dismantled so that it did not threaten navigation on the new Nickajack Lake. Two of Hales Bars generators and parts of Hales Bars switchyard were installed at Nickajack.</p><br>
<h2>Later operations</h2><br>
<p>The Hales Bar Dam Powerhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Since the dam was closed, it has been operated as a private event space. In addition, tours can be arranged by reservation. A marina has been developed adjacent to this site. The building is currently being used as the home of Dam Whiskey and Moonshine Distillery</p><br>
<p>The Palm Cottage  is a historic home in Miami, Florida. It is the last known building in Miami directly associated with railroad magnate and developer Henry M. Flagler. It is also one of the citys few surviving examples of Folk Victorian architecture. Built around 1897, this house was one of at least 30 rental houses that Flagler constructed as homes for the workers building his Royal Palm Hotel. The building was moved to Fort Dallas Park in 1980, located at 60 Southeast 4th Street. On January 4, 1989, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Church, located at 102 North 9th Street in Haines City, Florida is an historic Carpenter Gothic church.</p><br>
<p>On March 17, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register</h2><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>(added 1994 - Building - #94000159)</p><br>
<p>102 N. 9th St., Haines City</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Unknown</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Late Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Exploration/Settlement, Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875–1899, 1900–1924, 1925–1949</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library at FAMU is a historic building on the campus of Florida A&M University in Tallahassee, Florida. Built in 1908, the two-story, white-columned building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. "It was part of a national building program by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie." The Black Archives was established by the Florida Legislature in 1971 and opened in 1975. It was one of many public and college libraries funded by Andrew Carnegie, which were named Carnegie Library after him. It is the oldest brick building on the campus and the first Carnegie Library to be built on a black land-grant college campus.</p><br>
<p>Carnegies library was built at what is today FAMU because the city of Tallahassee refused it, since under Carnegies rules it would have had to serve black patrons (see History of Tallahassee, Florida#Black history). At the time, FAMU&#39;s predecessor, the State Normal and Industrial College for Colored Students, was in need of a new library. Its library had been located in the mansion of Florida Governor William Pope Duval, which burned in 1905. The Carnegie Library was built on the site of that mansion.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architect William Augustus Edwards and was built in 1908. On November 17, 1978, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Carrie Meek-James N. Eaton, Sr. Southeastern Regional Black Archives Research Center and Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, the Southeastern Regional Black Archives Research Center and Museum, formally known as the Florida Black Archives, was founded and occupied the library at Florida A&M. The archives expanded to the nearby Union Bank building in 1996 and a new building in 2006. The museum&#39;s exhibits focus on African American history in Florida, including the contributions of the African-American church, educational and social life at Florida A&M University, important figures in politics, science, medicine, and inventors, military experience and more.</p><br>
<p>The archives were "originally the Carnegie Library", and history professor and lecturer James N. Eaton "had the vision of not only collecting memorabilia but presenting it to the students and the public" in the early ‘</p><br>
<p>1970s. By the fall of 1976, assembled the collection and arranged its exhibition.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the archives was officially named in honor of veteran Florida legislator, retired USA Congresswoman and FAMU graduate Carrie P. Meek, who appropriated funds through Congress for the expansion of the facility, and Dr. James N. Eaton, D.H.L., Professor of History/Founder and first Director.</p><br>
<p>The Bradenton Carnegie Library is a Carnegie library in Bradenton, Florida. It was founded in 1918, served as Bradenton&#39;s main library for 60 years, and now houses the Manatee County Historical Records Library. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie provided funding for more than 3,000 Carnegie libraries in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The Bradenton Carnegie Library, in Bradenton, was one of ten Florida Carnegie libraries to receive grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York between 1901 and 1917, six of which still stand.</p><br>
<p>When the residents of Bradenton first approached the Carnegie foundation seeking a grant around 1906, they were turned down. It was only after repeated negotiations with the foundation that Bradenton was eventually awarded a $10,000 grant for the creation of the library.</p><br>
<p>The Library is an important piece in the library history of Manatee County, serving as one of the libraries that marked the beginnings of the County’s library system. It was also the base of operations for the county’s very first bookmobile in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The library was built in the Classical Revival style to Carnegie Library Plans #205. Carnegie Libraries were normally constructed with basements, however due to being in Florida this was not able to occur, so the library is two stories tall to fulfill requirements. The original Bradenton Carnegie library opened in 1918 and served as Bradenton&#39;s main library for 60 years.</p><br>
<p>Although its address is 1405 Fourth Avenue, West, the library actually faces onto 14th Street, West. The original 14th Street facade has been obscured by an addition that did not follow the style of the original building.</p><br>
<p>The library was employed as the first meeting place for the Manatee Genealogical Society, whose first meeting was held in 1974. It would continue to be used by the Society until 1979, when the group relocated to the newly opened Central Library.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library’s function as the primary library of Manatee County ceased with the opening of the Central Library in 1978. Soon after the opening of Bradenton’s Central Library, the Carnegie Library was leased by then County Clerk of Manatee County Richard “Chips” Shore. He did this with the intention of setting up the building as a new historical records library. This new historical records library opened to the public on June 1, 1979.</p><br>
<p>On April 9, 1987, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Today, it is the Historical Records Library operated by the office of the Manatee County Clerk of the Circuit Court, and serves as the official archives of the county government. The site contains more than 100,000 official records, which includes governmental records, marriage licenses, maps, yearbooks, voter registration books, and military discharge books among many other items, that date back to 1856. The library also houses the Herb Loomis Manatee County Postcard Collection and the Steve Belack Crosley collection. Its staff provide assistance to researchers and those seeking to learn about the county&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy Library  is a historic library in Quincy, Florida, United States. It is located 303 North Adams Street. On September 9, 1974, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1850-1851 for the Quincy Academy. It has had numerous uses through Quincy&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy Women&#39;s Library Club opened its library in the building in 1931 and the library was still operating in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Quincy Academy likely began during the 1820s in Quincy, Florida, during a time of increasing establishment of private education institutions in Florida. In 1834, a physical plant was provided for the academy, but an 1849 fire destroyed the building. It is supposed that the designer of the still-standing 1850 building was local builder Charles Waller. Resident testimony claims that the Quincy Academy ceased operations in 1863 due to the Civil War and was utilized as a hospital until 1865, although there is little documentary evidence supporting this claim. The Quincy Academy ceased operations in 1912, and the building was utilized as a temporary county courthouse until 1914. It was then used as a public school until 1920. During the 1920s, it was utilized as a private lending library, a meeting place for local churches, a county vocational school, and a W.P.A.-sponsored childcare center. In 1931, the Quincy Woman’s Club Library began operating in the building. In the 1950s, the building was renovated to make it more useable as a library. The library was still in use in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Old Tampa Free Public Library  is a historic building in the Tampa Heights neighborhood of Tampa, Florida. Located at 102 E. 7th Avenue, it was one of 10 Florida Carnegie libraries to receive grants awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1901 to 1917. It was designed by Tampa architect Fred J. James and constructed from 1915 to 1917. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie provided funding for more than 3,000 Carnegie libraries in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The library was built using a $50,000 grant from Carnegie. The library&#39;s first director was Helen V. Stelle.</p><br>
<p>It was Tampa&#39;s main library until 1968. It includes a T-plan, masonry, brown and yellow brick atop a rusticated granite basement, and is topped by a barrel tile roof. The building was rehabilitated in 1999 by the City of Tampa for public offices. It has been occupied by the administrative staff of the Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library System since November 2016 and also houses the Hillsborough Literacy Council, which is affiliated with the Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library system.</p><br>
<h2>Library Usage and Floorplan</h2><br>
<p>The library was widely used by patrons across Tampa who had fewer branches to choose from at the time of its use as an active branch. University students would enjoy the ample collection in order to do the research and study required of them. High school students would also research at the branch, and some would enjoy going to the pool hall across the street from the library, which was notorious among patrons as well as librarians for having a diverse and interesting clientele that was not always a welcome presence at the library and would sometimes be a source of mischief. At the "7th Avenue Library," as it was called by some patrons, children would enjoy storytelling, which would happen once or twice in the afternoon according to patron memories, and book selection in the children&#39;s library on west side of the basement level.</p><br>
<p>Bernadette Storck, a worker of the library with the cataloging and processing department, details her memories of the librarys floorplan and processes: The library had a circulation desk on the first floor, with reference on one side and popular materials on the other. In the downstairs area, the west side housed the childrens department, where story time took place and childrens material was kept. On the east side of that floor, cataloging and processing took place. This involved hand lettering along spines in order to determine branches and subjects. The bookmobile collection was also housed there, as Tampas first bookmobile was kept at the Tampa Free Library. Upon patron request, back issues of newspapers and magazines, kept behind smoked glass, would be sent upstairs. A dumbwaiter was used to put materials in and take them upstairs, as the building&#39;s current elevator had not been added yet.</p><br>
<h2>Reasons for Closure</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1915, the Tampa Free Library originally stood as Tampas main public library. However, over the decades, the library was no longer able to adequately meet the needs of the growing population. Concerns over the small size of the library, lack of expansion, and inability to assist the growing population eventually led to a new building being constructed in downtown Tampa. The original building was constructed and designed to serve 50,000 people which was adequate at the time of its construction. However, by the early 1960s, Tampa maintained a population of 274,407 people. In addition, other old, historical libraries in Tampa were also unable to meet the needs of the public due to poor parking, small size, and cramped collections. This led to questions of whether newer, larger libraries should begin replacing the older, historical models. The Tampa Free library endeavored to cater to the population by expanding hours. In April 1960 the Tampa Public Librarys expanded its hours, from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Saturday, increasing the library&#39;s open hours from 66 to 72 hours per week. This was done with the hope that it would be more convenient for people working downtown to visit the library.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, the library was no longer seen as an adequate facility for the growing city of Tampa. As evidenced in an article by the Tampa Tribune in 1961, the library designed to serve a community of 52,000 people was rightfully determined to be insufficient for a community of 274,407 people. A former worker of the library who&#39;d been involved in cataloging and processing also recalled insufficient shelving space, stating that the huge collection of books, newspapers, and magazines was "falling off the shelves." Patrons also had to travel quite far to reach the library, as it was being used by patrons who lived in Hyde Park and Palma Ceia.</p><br>
<p>Eventually the need for space and change led to the creation of a new main library, and on April 21, 1968, The Tampa Public Library (renamed John F. Germany Public Library in 1999) opened on 900 N Ashley Drive. The John F. Germany Public Library still serves as the main library in the Tampa-Hillsborough County Library system.</p><br>
<h2>Uses After Closure</h2><br>
<p>In 1968, the building was converted into a center for academically advanced students, the "Exceptional Children Education Center". This program ended in 1986 when the city stopped busing gifted students out of their local schools. In 1987, the city of Tampa sold the building to the nonprofit Tampa Bay Economic Development Corporation for $1. The corporation would do the necessary renovations and improvements after finding someone to lease the building and repay those costs over time. In 1995, the Tampa Free Library once again garnered notice after the roof had to be patched to stop an influx of water from destroying the interior. It was at this time that Tampa&#39;s Architectural Review Commission unanimously voted to recommend the building for local landmark designation. In 1998, the United Way of Hillsborough County considered making the Tampa Free Library building its new headquarters, but reconsidered due to the price tag of renovating the then 83-year-old-building. In 1999 the city agreed to foot the 2.2 million dollar renovation costs by entering a 25-year lease agreement with Tampa Bay Economic Development Corporation, at the end of which, the city would purchase the building back for the $1 they sold it for in 1987. Beginning in 1999, three agencies would share the newly renovated space: The Division of Neighborhood Improvement, the Women & Minority Business Enterprise Program, and the Office of Human Rights and Community Services. In November 2016, the administrative offices for the Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library were relocated to the Tampa Free Library from the fourth floor of the John. F. Germany Library in downtown Tampa.</p><br>
<p>In May 2024, USF approached the county about repurposing the Tampa Free Library into an art museum.</p><br>
<p>The Marian Fell Library is an historic library in Fellsmere, Florida. It is located 63 North Cypress Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The library is named for Marian Fell, who translated the first published English language version of Anton Chekhov&#39;s The Seagull in the United States. It was performed at the Bandbox Theatre on Broadway by the Washington Square Players in 1916. The text is part of Project Gutenberg here.</p><br>
<p>The David S. Walker Library was a private subscription library in Tallahassee, Florida. It was organized as the University Library in 1883. It was Tallahassee&#39;s first library. It is now a historic library building named for Governor David S. Walker, the eighth governor of Florida, who served from 1865 through 1868. It is located 209 East Park Avenue. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The library building is one of 65 Leon County properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, it has no book collection nor has for many years, nor has it any library function, since the founding of the LeRoy Collins Leon County Public Library in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The library building has served as the meeting place for the board of Springtime Tallahassee since 1977.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 1980s and 90s the Library building served as a rentable space. The top level was a large open room with wooden floors, and served as a space for dance teams and instructors providing lessons and scheduling rehearsals in ballroom, tap, and other dance disciplines for many years.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>David Shelby Walker was a native of Kentucky when he moved to Tallahassee, Florida in 1837. He served as the eighth governor of Florida. Walker was elected governor of Florida after the Civil War ended. The country was recovering from the aftermath of the Civil War and so it was a tough time in office. Despite the turmoil, Walker&#39;s efforts to establish public education in Florida were a great achievement.</p><br>
<p>While Walker was in office, in 1884, he offered two rooms for a library in a building he owned. Donations were raised by the community to buy books and create a reading room that was open to the public. After Walkers death, the building was sold and Walkers wife donated the lot to the library association and the building was named in honor of Walker and his support for education and libraries. The Walker Library served as a library from 1903 to 1956, after which the library moved to the Columns.</p><br>
<p>Following a four-month restoration, the Walker library was converted into an upscale bar and restaurant, Bar 1903, by local restaurateurs Seven Hills Hospitality Group, which opened its doors in February 2020. The buildings internal restoration was mainly cosmetic, introducing a new bar, wood flooring rejuvenation and new paint throughout, preserving a majority of the librarys original design and structural elements. Due to the age and historic nature of the library building, Bar 1903 can seat roughly 36 customers at a time.</p><br>
<p>The Mirror Lake Community Library is a Carnegie library built in 1915 in Beaux-Arts style. It was one of ten Florida Carnegie libraries to receive grants awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1901 to 1917. Steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie provided funding for more than 3,000 Carnegie libraries in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The library is significant to the city&#39;s history as the first permanent home of the public library system and embodies the transformation of the city in the second decade of the twentieth century from a pioneer village to a city with viable cultural institutions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1908, the St. Petersburg City Council and concerned citizens began on a journey to get funding for a public library. It was the culmination of a five-year pursuit by Councilman Ralph Veillard, W.L. Straub (owner of the St. Petersburg Times), and Annie McCrae, (who became the first secretary of the library) in 1913 that the city was awarded a $17,500 grant from the Carnegie Corporation. The grant was approved and matched by the city, and the site on the banks of the city Reservoir (now Mirror Lake) was chosen on July 17, 1914.</p><br>
<p>The Mirror Lake Community Library is built in the Beaux-Arts style, with sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags and sculptural enrichments. The Beaux- Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920. The building&#39;s architect, Henry D. Whitfield worked for the Carnegie Corporation and designed this library, as well as many other Carnegie libraries in this style.</p><br>
<p>Funding from the Carnegie grant was granted with the intention that libraries built with the money would be racially integrated. However, when the library was opened in 1915, St. Petersburg was still racially segregated, and the city refused black residents access to the library. It was not until 1944 that the city began allowing blacks into the basement of the Carnegie library. Mrs. S.M. Carter, the wife of a pastor, formed an interracial committee, and lobbied the city for funds to open a black library. As a result, the James W. Johnson Library branch was opened as the city&#39;s first library for the African American community.</p><br>
<p>Mirror Lake Librarys first librarian was Emma Moore Williams. Before becoming the Sunshine Citys first librarian, she was the first English teacher at St. Petersburgs High School (St. Petersburg High School) and is described by the St. Petersburg Times as “a very efficient and popular member of the city school faculty.” Williams assistant librarian was Margaret Jenkins, who ran the 4th Street Free Reading Room. William&#39;s first act as librarian was to catalog and shelve the 3,000 books brought over from the 4th street reading room.</p><br>
<p>Annie McRae was offered the position of librarian first, but declined due to “political concerns.” Mrs. McRae was the secretary of the library board and felt there was a conflict of interest in accepting the position. McCrae was a passionate advocate of obtaining a Carnegie library in St. Petersburg, and remained active in working on behalf of the library. She published articles in the St. Petersburg Times in support of the library. In one Times article, “Will St. Pete Finish Its Library Undertaking?” McCrae urged the city to use tax dollars to augment the former reading room&#39;s meager 3,000 books. The library was built to house 16,000 volumes. The mission of the library is three-fold, she stated, “It is for information, for recreation, and for inspiration.” Of libraries, she urges, “We cannot accurately trace its influence--it may kindle a train of thought that shall found museums and colleges and hospitals, that shall lead to the production of wonderful inventions that shall inspire noble deed of every kind."</p><br>
<p>In 1946 Hilda Glaser was appointed as Director of the Library. After assessing the inadequacies of the library facilities she was determined to come up with a plan to seek better library services for the St. Petersburg community. She recommended that the city organize a group of citizens to be known as the “Friends of the Library” which was organized on April 11, 1947. The purpose of the group was to encourage more effective use of the library and assist in planning the expansion of library facilities. The group was granted a corporate charter in 1949 that allowed them to receive gifts and legacies to be put toward the library. Their first achievement was recruiting the help of the Junior League in a new community project- a Bookmobile. The Junior League presented the city with their first bookmobile in February 1949. The bookmobile was in use until December 1962 when it was replaced by a new Mobile Library trailer.</p><br>
<p>On June 13, 1986, the library was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Mirror Lake Community Library was St. Petersburg&#39;s only library until the current Main library was built at 3745 9th Avenue in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the Mirror Lake Community Library fell into a state of extreme disrepair. A faulty air conditioning system, water damage and mold plagued the building. The second floor was accessible only by a small, winding staircase; the main entrance was sealed. The city commissioned a study to determine if the building was fit to continue being used as a library.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, a plan to restore the library was approved by the City Council. A wing added in 1951 would be removed, and a new wing would be built in its place, and the 1915 building would be restored.</p><br>
<p>The restoration was delayed by the discovery of unexpected structural damage and wrangling over the city budget; on January 18, 1994, then-mayor David Fischer cut the ribbon to reopen the refurbished 1915 wing of the library. The elevator was not yet installed at this point, and handicap access was still an issue because the ground floor entrance and the 1951 wing were closed.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the project was completed and library was expanded with an 8,000 square-foot addition designed to blend harmoniously with the historic exterior and an elevator to make all levels handicap accessible. It reopened with the added wing on May 21, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Programs and Services</h2><br>
<p>The Mirror Lake Community Library is a branch of The St. Petersburg Library System and a member of the Pinellas Public Library Cooperative. Patrons of this library can borrow books, CDs, DVDs, audiobooks, and magazines. There also a number of online and e-resources that patrons have access to, including Hoopla Digital, OverDrive, Inc., Ancestry.com, and more. Patrons can request items from other Pinellas County Libraries and can fill out requests for interlibrary loans on the library or in person.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of programs offered at the Mirror Lake Community Library and a calendar of events is available on their. Types of programs offered include weekly story times, therapy dog reading sessions, ESL classes, walk-in computer help, meditation classes, and special events sponsored by the.</p><br>
<p>There is one meeting room available for library patrons to reserve. Patrons can apply for meeting room access on the library. Meeting room use is limited to non-profit organizations engaging in library related activities or in educational, cultural, intellectual, charitable, and/or community related activities.</p><br>
<p>The Dickinson Memorial Library and Park is a historic site in Orange City, Florida, United States. The library is located at 148 Albertus Way. The park is located on the corner of East Graves Avenue and USA Hwy 17–92. It contains tables and park benches around a gazebo and two water fountains. It is adjacent to the library. Every Friday from 8 AM to 1 PM you can find a farmer&#39;s market located in the park, with a wide selection of fruits, vegetables, plants, baked goods and other great items. The park is also used for various City and community events including an annual summer music in the park program. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The library is now known as the Orange City Library, and is part of the Deltona Region of the Volusia County Public Library.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson–Price Memorial Library Building  is a historic library in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States. It is located at 42 North Beach Street, and was named for the City of Ormond Beachs co-founders John Anderson and Joseph D. Price. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Now run by the Ormond Beach Historical Trust, this building is the site of many events throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Richmond was a historic hotel located in Richmond, Virginia. Constructed in phases between 1904 and 1911, it was a rare example of a Gilded Age hotel built by a woman, Adeline Detroit Wood Atkinson. Atkinson turned the facility into a popular meeting spot for Richmond-area politicians, and the hotel acted as the headquarters for numerous political campaigns in the early 20th century. It was also the home of WRVA, the city&#39;s first radio station, from 1933 until 1968. After operating as a hotel under various names until 1966, the building was then purchased by the Commonwealth of Virginia. It was listed to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 as the Ninth Street Office Building, and was dedicated as the Barbara Johns Building in 2017. it housed the Office of the Attorney General.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Atkinson, a Bedford County native, had come to Richmond in the early 1880s from Lynchburg, Virginia with her husband. She ran boarding houses to supplement the couple&#39;s income, eventually running hotels in Richmond as their sole income. By 1904, Atkinson had enough money to purchase the Saint Claire Hotel, which she demolished to make room for her own establishment.</p><br>
<p>The first phase of the Hotel Richmond was built in 1904 and designed by Harrison Albright. The second phase followed in 1911, this one designed by John Kevan Peebles. The building sits across Grace Street from St. Pauls Church, and next to St. Peters Church.</p><br>
<p>Her energy got her into trouble as she bucked the city establishment. The Times-Dispatch on April 26, 1903, said that during her attempt to build the Hotel Richmond, she threatened to leave the city if she was not taxed at a more equitable rate for her Lexington as compared to the Murphy Hotel and the Jefferson Hotel. Indeed, she would not build the Hotel Richmond until she felt she was taxed at a more fair rate. She told the papers that: "I feel that I am being discriminated against because I am a woman, but if I am not wanted here, I can easily go somewhere else." The Richmond News Leader reported April 29, 1903 that she was "fuming and fretting" because of a high license fee that was to be placed on the hotel. Her issues with the city were not all about being a woman: she also stridently defended her use of "colored" men to do some of the excavation work.</p><br>
<p>The May 9, 1903 demolition that preceded the building of the Hotel Richmond was newsworthy. A neighboring house, home of the Catholic bishop, was damaged just as the demolition of the old hotel began. Miraculously, A picture of the Christ child survived "alone and uninjured" when the demolition of the St. Clare accidentally went awry.</p><br>
<p>Further additions were made by John Kevan Peebles, architect of the wings of the State Capitol, and were done in preparation for the 1907 300th anniversary of the founding of Virginia; obviously, the two were meant to be part of a whole look for Capitol Square.</p><br>
<p>On its construction it became one of many distinguished hotels in downtown Richmond that operated in the early part of the 20th century, including the Jefferson Hotel, Hotel Rueger, Murphys Hotel, Hotel John Marshall and William Byrd Hotel. During the 1940s and 50s, it housed the studios of Richmonds top AM radio station, 1140 WRVA, and in 1948, it was joined by co-owned FM 94.5 WRVB (now WRVQ).</p><br>
<h2>Social History</h2><br>
<p>The hotels mezzanine housed WRVA, Richmonds pioneering AM 50,000 watt radio station. From 1939 until its relocation, WRVA had the strongest broadcasting power of any station from Washington, D.C. to Atlanta. The station aired the popular variety show Sunshine Sue and Her Rangers as well as Capitol Squirrel.</p><br>
<p>As the largest hotel immediately adjacent to Richmonds Capitol Square, the hotel had a central place in the political history of the city. Early in its life it was festooned with a Westmoreland Davis for Governor banner, and sometime in the early 19th century, it became headquarters for the states Democratic party, with offices in the hotels historic Parlor A. From the ballroom in 1926, the first Harry Byrd took control of the state with his Byrd Machine. At his inauguration party on the hotels roof garden, he addressed the state on WRVA. In 1933, Gov. William M. Tuck set up an office in the building, and it was there Harry Byrd took over the seat of his father. It was, according to historian Jim Latimer, the room with the best view of the State Capitol and Executive Mansion. From the room, the final five Byrd governors (Battle, Stanley, J. Lindsay Almond, Albertis Harrison and Mills Godwin) ran their successful campaigns. In the 1970s, the building was the site of the state&#39;s tourism marketing efforts including the historic "Virginia Is For Lovers" campaign.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was renovated in 2016 by the Commonwealth of Virginia, which relocated the Attorney Generals office into the refurbished hotel from the nearby Pocohantas Building. It had previously been under threat of demolition. In the current plan, the old Murphy Hotel will be razed for parking and office space. Some scenes for Steven Spielbergs movie Lincoln were filmed in the building.</p><br>
<p>The Red River Meeting House was the site of the first religious camp meeting in the United States. Held June 13–17, 1800, it marked the start of the Second Great Awakening, a major religious movement in the United States in the first part of the nineteenth century. The meeting was organized by the Presbyterian minister James McGready  in Logan County, Kentucky, and several preachers took part.</p><br>
<h2>First camp meeting</h2><br>
<p>What later became known as the Revival of 1800 began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion at the Red River Meeting House in June of the same year. As the revival spread to the congregations of McGreadys two other area congregations, several hundred people attended the meetings, held from Friday through Tuesday. McGreadys other congregations were located at Muddy River, and Gasper River. The meeting was a chance for the settlers to end their relative isolation for several days and to engage with new people.</p><br>
<p>A letter from McGready to a friend dated October 23, 1801, described the meeting.</p><br>
<p>In June, the sacrament was administered at Red River. This was the greatest time we had ever seen before. On Monday multitudes were struck down under awful conviction; the cries of the distressed filled the whole house. There you might see profane swearers, and sabbath breakers pricked to the heart, and crying out, "what shall we do to be saved?" There frolicers, and dancers crying for mercy. There you might see little children of ten, eleven and twelve years of age, praying and crying for redemption, in the blood of Jesus, in agonies of distress. During this sacrament, and until the Tuesday following, ten persons we believe, were savingly brought home to Christ.</p><br>
<p>The Presbyterian minister Barton W. Stone observed the events and wrote the following:</p><br>
<p>There, on the edge of a prairie in Logan County, Kentucky, the multitudes came together and continued a number of days and nights encamped on the ground, during which time worship was carried on in some part of the encampment. The scene was new to me and passing strange. It baffled description. Many, very many, fell down as men slain in battle, and continued for hours together in an apparently breathless and motionless state, sometimes for a few moments reviving and exhibiting symptoms of life by a deep groan or piercing shriek, or by a prayer for mercy fervently uttered. After lying there for hours they obtained deliverance. The gloomy cloud that had covered their faces seemed gradually and visibly to disappear, and hope, in smiles, brightened into joy. They would rise, shouting deliverance, and then would address the surrounding multitude in language truly eloquent and impressive. With astonishment did I hear men, women, and children declaring the wonderful works of God and the glorious mysteries of the gospel. Their appeals were solemn, heart-penetrating, bold, and free. Under such circumstances many others would fall down into the same state from which the speakers had just been delivered.</p><br>
<p>The historian Paul Conkin downplays the significance of the Red River meeting in relation to the religious revival. He says that McGready was one of several preachers at the event. The preacher wrote an account that was widely circulated, and which was instrumental in forming peoples perceptions of the events at the meeting. Conkin thinks that McGreadys account was exaggerated.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers of European descent in the area were Ambrose Maulding and his family in 1780. They established what became known as Mauldings Station or Mauldings Fort. The original church building in this area was built between 1789 and 1792 and is described by some as the first Cumberland Presbyterian Church. After the church building collapsed in 1856, the adjacent cemetery expanded onto the site of the original cabin.</p><br>
<p>A white framed church was built nearby but was torn down in 1929 due to deterioration and disuse. A log cabin believed to resemble the original style was constructed on the site in 1959. It burned due to an unknown cause on May 2, 1992. The Red River Meeting House and Cemetery Association was formed to raise funds for a replacement pioneer church, which was constructed in May 1994.</p><br>
<p>Kentucky Historical Marker 71 is erected at the intersection of USA Highway 431 and Route 663: "Three miles east is site of early pioneer church. Organized by A Society of Presbyterians, 1789. Here the Great Revival of 1800 was conducted by the Rev. James McGready. First camp meeting held here."</p><br>
<p>The adjacent cemetery contains the graves of numerous veterans of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. The gravestone of William McPherson is engraved with the Twenty-third Psalm in Gaelic.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located three miles (5 km) east of USA Route 431 along Route 663 and the Red River in Logan County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>A primitive camp meeting and rendezvous is held annually on the grounds during the local Tobacco & Heritage Festival (second weekend in October). The Red River Meeting House and Cemetery Association holds its annual meeting on the grounds on the second Sunday in September. The site is privately owned, but it is open to the public from dawn to dusk and admittance is free. There are no interpretive signs or facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Womans Club of Palmetto is a womens club and is also the name of its historic building in Palmetto, Florida. It is located at 910 Sixth Street West. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in March 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Womans Club of Palmetto was founded in 1900, originally as the "Village Improvement Association". In 1905 it became the "Village Improvement and Library Association" and sought to develop a library. Eventually it applied for and got funding for a Carnegie library. The resulting library, built in 1914, is also included in the Palmetto Historic District. It was organized as a Womens club in 1915 and obtained a charter for that in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Fred Kermode was Club President in 1926-27, and in 1929 became Chairman of the Building Committee. Her husband, who was probably the first architect in Palmetto, was commissioned to design a new clubhouse building.</p><br>
<p>The building completed in 1930 is a concrete block and stucco building having one- and two-story sections. It has "modest" Mediterranean Revival styling.</p><br>
<p>The building was deemed significant both for its architecture and for its historical associations.</p><br>
<p>It was also included as a contributing building in the Palmetto Historic District, which was added to the National Register in November 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Egbert Reasoner House  was an historic house located at 3004 53rd Avenue, East in Oneco, Florida. It was built in 1896 for Egbert Reasoner, a horticulturalist who was inducted into the initial 1980 class of "Florida Agricultural Hall of Fame" members. Reasoner and his brother founded Royal Palm Nurseries. He is credited with introducing the pink grapefruit to Florida. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. Despite this, it was demolished in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Efforts to conserve the house</h2><br>
<p>In August 2013, the home was still in the Reasoner family, which hoped to have it relocated and saved when the underlying land was sold for commercial development. The home was scheduled to be demolished for construction of a RaceTrac gas station.</p><br>
<p>On June 30, 2015, the Reasoner house was demolished. After standing for 119 years, it was torn down in approximately one hour.</p><br>
<p>The A. C. Freeman House  is a historic house located at 311 West Retta Esplanade in Punta Gorda, Florida. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is owned by the City of Punta Gorda, Florida and is leased to the Charlotte County Chamber of Commerce. It is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for reflecting Queen Anne style architecture, asserted to be rare in South Florida, and for association with businessman and politician Augustus C. Freeman. Freeman owned a hardware store and a citrus grove, among other ventures. He served in various city government positions from 1896 to 1904, including as mayor during the later four or five years. During the 1902 mayoral campaign he was described as "Industrious, frugal and obliging... well-to-do, but probably not a millionaire".</p><br>
<p>The land was purchased by Freeman in 1903 from Albert Gilchrist, who later became Governor of the state, and there has been a local legend that the house belonged to him, but in fact it was built for Freeman.</p><br>
<p>The house was moved two blocks in 1985 before a restoration began, but the move was not deemed to have disturbed historic integrity. It was moved again in 2005 to city property following Hurricane Charley.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Malcolm Nicholson Farmhouse  is a historic farmhouse in Havana, Florida, United States. It is located at 200 Coca-Cola Avenue, on SR 12 west of Havana. On October 28, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Operating as a steakhouse and giftshop, on December 23, 2006, the restaurant and giftshop were closed for business, following the 1999 death of the plantation&#39;s owner. In 2014, it reopened as White Dog Plantation, a retreat and bed-and-breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Spanish Fort is an unincorporated community in north-central Montague County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 50 in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Spanish Fort was once a Taovaya Indian town that was fortified in the eighteenth century. Later Anglo immigrants who discovered Spanish artifacts and the ruins of a fort nearby gave the settlement the incorrect name. According to Spanish records, the Taovayas built two permanent settlements nearby, on either side of the Red River, between 1750 and 1757. According to legend, Col. Diego Ortiz Parrilla oversaw a campaign of revenge against Taovaya and Comanche Indians in 1759 after they had looted the Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas. The Taovayan town was guarded by some 6,000 Indians who were flying the French flag and was fortified with entrenchments, wooden stockades, and a moat when several hundred Spanish soldiers arrived. Four hours of fighting ended with the Spanish retreating. They even abandoned their two cannons and baggage train. The Spanish had established peace with the Indians by 1771, but continuing theft, particularly of horses, prompted Athanase de Mézières, the lieutenant governor of the Natchitoches province, to visit in 1778. He convinced the Taovayas to hand over the two cannons and gave the area the name San Teodoro.</p><br>
<p>Smallpox epidemics that started in 1778 and American expansion following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 destroyed the population. The Taovayas abandoned their fortification in San Teodoro around 1841, allowing it to deteriorate. The Taovayas had long since left, so an early White settler who visited the ruins in 1859 didnt know anything about their past and imagined it had been a former Spanish fort. Near the site of San Teodoro, a town by the name of Burlington had grown by the early 1870s. For cattle drivers traveling toward the Chisholm Trail, it functioned as a watering spot. After bedding their herds at Red River Station, stockmen on the path rode to the nearby town of Burlington for supplies and entertainment. The community expanded swiftly, and locals petitioned for a post office in 1876. However, according to postal officials, their application was denied because another post office with the same name already existed in Texas. The incorrect name "Spanish Fort" was proposed by two local men in honor of the surrounding ruins. After the new name was approved, the post office in Spanish Fort was established in 1877. When the town was at its busiest, there were several shops and churches, a Masonic lodge, five doctors, four hotels, and a number of saloons, the most well-known of which was J. W. Schrocks Cowboy Saloon, where cattlemen gathered to partake in drinks and tell tales. Herman Joseph Justin started the boot business that eventually developed into Justin Industries in the town plaza. To have their personalized boots completed in time for them to pick them up on their trip south again, Justin took orders from the drivers heading north.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington Times and the Spanish Fort New Era were at least two newspapers that were published in Spanish Fort by 1884. By 1885, there were 300 residents, but Spanish Fort gained a reputation as a nasty town. Later, Justins wife claimed that during the height of the cattle industry, there had been over 40 killings; in fact, on one Christmas morning, three men had been murdered before breakfast. Outlaws hiding out in Indian Territory traveled across the Red River to Spanish Fort to get supplies, frequently starting "affrays" that further troubled the town. When the cattle paths shifted further west and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway omitted the town, the excitement at Spanish Fort eventually subsided. Justin relocated his boot business to the nearby town of Nocona in the late 1880s, where it flourished into the 1980s. Throughout the first 40 years of the 20th century, Spanish Forts population stayed at around 250, and six enterprises remained in operation until 1941. By 1952, there were just 40 people left in the area as residents were drawn to locations with better employment possibilities. Around 1970, the post office and all but one of the businesses closed. Spanish Fort was practically a ghost town by the 1990s. After more than a century of farming by residents of Spanish Fort, the remains of the old Taovaya fortification vanished, but the location of the former San Teodoro was commemorated by a state historical monument built in 1936. The population of Spanish Fort was 50 in 2000, but the majority of the structures in the square remained vacant and abandoned.</p><br>
<p>On February 10, 2009, an F4 tornado struck Spanish Fort. The strongest tornado of the outbreak touched down as a multiple vortex tornado just south of Spanish Fort initially snapping pecan trees.</p><br>
<p>The Stonewall Saloon served as a resting stop for cowboys herding livestock on Texas trails.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Spanish Fort is located at the end of Farm to Market Road 103, one mile south of the Red River, 26 mi northeast of Montague, 17 mi north of Nocona, and 37 mi northeast of Bowie in north-central Montague County.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The first school in Spanish Fort opened in a log cabin in 1884. Today, Spanish Fort is serviced by the Prairie Valley Independent School District.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological Site of Spanish Fort</h2><br>
<p>In 1965, Spanish Fort was excavated along the Red River of the South encompassing the geographies of Jefferson County, Oklahoma, and Montague County, Texas. The excavation and surveying was for archeological and artifacts analysis purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Historical record</h2><br>
<p>Spanish Fort received historic markers in 1936 and 1976 recognizing the Taovaya tribe culture and the 1759 confrontation with a Spanish expedition.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Fort site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Francisco Xavier Chaves, who was held captive by the Taovaya and, along with Pedro Vial, traveled to the fort to meet the Wichita people.</p><br>
<p>Pedro Vial, French explorer and frontiersman.</p><br>
<p>The Wells Fargo Building, originally the Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Company Building, is a skyscraper in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Designed in the Beaux-Arts style by the architectural firm Simon & Simon, the building was erected for the Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. in 1928. The 30-story high-rise is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building was long regarded as premier office space, but by the 1980s, tenants were leaving for newer buildings in the West Market Street neighborhood. Extensive rehab work has since drawn new tenants. Its largest tenant has always been the Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Company or its successor companies — today, Wells Fargo.</p><br>
<p>The 405 ft limestone and granite skyscraper features recesses that give the building an H-shape above the fifth floor. Decorations include sculpture by Piccirilli Brothers and 150,000 ft&sup2; of marble. Seven medallions, mainly depicting early American coins, decorate the street-level facade. Bas-relief figures decorate the spandrels above the building&#39;s bronze doors, which are themselves decorated by high-relief panels depicting the history of commerce and civilization.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1920s, numerous high-rises were constructed in Center City Philadelphia. Among the businesses commissioning new high-rises was the Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Company, the result of the 1926 merger between Fidelity Trust Company and the Philadelphia Trust Company. Before the merger, in 1925, architects Edward P. Simon and Grant M. Simon of the firm Simon and Simon were approached to design a new building. The designs were complete by the end of 1926 and in January 1927 general contractor Irwin & Leighton was engaged to build the Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Company Building. The site of the building along Broad Street was previously the location of the Forrest Theater and the "Yellow Mansion" (also known as the Dundas Lippincott House).</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1927 and the building was opened on June 1, 1928. In 1953, steel and concrete penthouses were built at the back of the building to house air conditioning equipment.</p><br>
<p>In July 1982, the parent company of Fidelity Bank, Fidelcor, put up for sale Fidelity Building Corp., a subsidiary which owns The Fidelity Building and the neighboring Witherspoon Building. In December of that year, Fidelcor announced that the Al-Tajir Foundation, a real estate investment company owned by Mahdi Al Tajir, had agreed to buy Fidelity Building Corp. for US$63.5 million.</p><br>
<p>During the late-1980s office building boom in the West Market Street area of Center City, businesses left the Fidelity Building for newer office space. As a result, the buildings owners filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992. That same year, the Fidelity Building Corporation was purchased by First Fidelity Bankcorp, a company formed in the 1988 merger of the buildings original owners and First Fidelity Corporation of Newark, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>First Union Corporation took control of the building in 1995 when it bought Fidelity Bankcorp. Shortly after taking over, First Union spent millions of dollars renovating the facade and interiors and modernizing the mechanical systems.</p><br>
<p>During the early 2000s, the building became known as the Wachovia Building. Wachovia became the building&#39;s largest tenant after merging with First Union Corporation early in the decade. In 2006, Wachovia re-negotiated its lease, which was set to expire in 2010. After exploring other potential new office space in Center City, Wachovia made a deal to stay in the Wachovia Building along with the neighboring Witherspoon Building, the nearby One South Broad, and the Widener Building until the 2020s. The building became known as the Wells Fargo Building after Wells Fargo, which bought Wachovia in 2008, re-branded Wachovia area banks in April 2011. Wells Fargo marketed the change by having a stagecoach carrying Philadelphia mayor Michael Nutter and others ride from Philadelphia City Hall to the Wells Fargo Building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 30-story, 405 ft Wells Fargo Building is located on the Avenue of the Arts in Center City, Philadelphia. The building faces Broad Street on the west, Walnut Street on the south, and Sansom Street on the north. To the east of the building is the 11-story Witherspoon Building, built in 1896. Owned by the same owners, the two buildings are linked together. Containing 892,000 ft&sup2, the Wells Fargo Buildings footprint measures 220 ft by 175 ft. Built in the Beaux-Arts style the buildings brick curtain wall is made of limestone ashlar on the upper and lower floors and rusticated granite on the 2nd and 3rd floors.</p><br>
<p>Horizontally the building is divided into three parts. The first two stories and a mezzanine level make up the buildings base. The next eighteen floors make up the buildings shaft and center. The distinctive features of the center are two 55 ft recesses on the east and west sides of the building. Starting above the fourth floor, the recesses give the building an H-shape. The skyscraper&#39;s top section is distinguished from the lower floors by three small setbacks.</p><br>
<p>At street level, three arched entranceways line Broad Street. The central arch is slightly larger than the others to indicate the entrance to the main banking hall. Carved into the facade above the center arch is the buildings name. Inside the arches and above the doorways are windows designed by dAscenzo Studios. Leaded panes of glass of various shades of amber are surrounded by a Renaissance-style border. Below the windows are bronze doors, each with 24 high-relief panels depicting the history of commerce and civilization. Bas-relief figures decorate each of the arches&#39; spandrels. A male figure with a hammer representing industry and a female figure with a beehive representing thrift decorate the center arch. The arch closest to Sansom Street is decorated by two figures with cornucopias to represent abundance. The arch nearer to Walnut Street is decorated by a painter and a sculptor to represent art.</p><br>
<p>Next to the two smaller archways are carved medallions, one flanking each spandrel. The medallions closest to Sansom Street represent early American coins, a Pine Tree coin from Massachusetts and Grandi Copper coin from Connecticut. The medallions closest to the Walnut Street side represent the first American coin issued by Congress and the Eye Coin from Vermont. Two medallions on the Walnut Street side depict both sides of the Lafayette Medal. Only one medallion decorates the Samson Street side, depicting another early coin from Vermont.</p><br>
<p>The Wells Fargo Buildings interiors include a 2½-story banking hall featuring six 58-ton steel girders that support the skyscrapers structure. The girders were the largest in the Eastern United States at the time of construction. Among the 150,000 ft&sup2; of marble inside the Wells Fargo Building is the cream-colored terrazzo marble used throughout the banking hall. At the rear of the hall is a marble sculpture by the Piccirilli Brothers. The statue depicts semi-nude male and female representations of day and night clasping hands under a clock to symbolize eternity.</p><br>
<p>Above the statue and framed by marble pilasters is a window that depicts scenes from Philadelphia history. In the windows tympanum is a depiction of Independence Hall. Below that are pictures showing William Penns treaty with the Indians, George Washingtons Farewell Address to Congress, the proclamation of the Declaration of Independence, the Philadelphia Convention, the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklins printing office, Betsy Ross exhibiting the United States flag, and Caesar Rodney&#39;s ride from Delaware. The border of the window contains portrait busts of notable American Revolution-era Philadelphians: John Bartram, George Clymer, Robert Morris, David Rittenhouse, Benjamin Rush, and James Wilson.</p><br>
<p>The Wells Fargo Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 27, 1978. The skyscraper was listed because it was an excellent example of commercial Beaux-Arts architecture and because it stands "as a glossary of modern skyscraper design, synthesizing the primary features of three phases of skyscraper development reaching back to the 1880s". The building&#39;s characteristics are its tripartite system of a base, shaft, and capital, the treatment of the skyscraper as a tower, and the use of setbacks.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>Leasing 30 percent of the building, Wells Fargo is the skyscraper&#39;s largest tenant. The second largest tenant was law firm Montgomery, McCracken, Walker & Rhoads, which occupies about 108,000 ft&sup2; on the top five and a half floors; the firm signed a 15-year lease in 1995. Other tenants include Domus Inc., which occupies 12,000 ft&sup2;. Domus Inc. moved into the Wells Fargo Building in 2000 after outgrowing its space in the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Past tenants include the law firms Morgan Lewis & Bockius and Pepper Hamilton & Sheetz and offices for the Westmoreland Coal Company. The Midday Club opened in 1929 and closed in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The lobby held a branch of the Wells Fargo History Museum; its exhibits include a stagecoach, telegraph equipment, historic clothing and currency. Wells Fargo shuttered all of their museums in 2020 except one in San Francisco.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In 1983, the Wells Fargo Building was featured in the film Trading Places, which starred Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy.</p><br>
<p>The John Lee McFarlin House, also known as the A.D. Lester House, is a historic house located at 305 East King Street in Quincy, Florida. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>It is a Queen Anne-style house built for John Lee McFarlin in 1895 or 1896. Its NRHP nomination reports:Compared to Queen Anne houses in other parts of the country, McFarlin&#39;s house may seem restrained, but in Gadsden County it is an extravaganza. It is a testament to a time when the function of a decorative turret was "to show that the owner could afford to build a home with decorative turrets."</p><br>
<p>The Stockton-Curry House  is a historic house located in Quincy, Florida. It is locally significant as a surviving example of antebellum-era Classic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was originally of clap-boarded frame construction, two-and-a-half stories in height, and covered by a moderately pitched roof. It had a rectangular plan with a broad central hall, two rooms deep, and the stairs were partitioned within one of the rear bedrooms. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Joseph Y. Porter House is a historic home in Key West, Florida. It is located at 429 Caroline Street. On June 4, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The original construction was built in 1838 by Judge James Webb, the first Federal Judge of the Southern District of the Florida Territory. Webb introduced influential legislation regulating salvage, which helped establish wrecking as a legitimate legal business in Florida.</p><br>
<p>The house is best known as the lifelong home of Dr. Joseph Yates Porter Jr. His father bought the property in 1845. Porter lived in the home for 80 years, dying in the same room he was born. He was Key Wests first native-born physician and Floridas first Public Health Officer from 1889 to 1917. He was instrumental in controlling yellow fever, reforming sanitation and quarantine practices, and initiating health legislation. Porter was among the first physicians to recognize yellow fever as transmissible by mosquitoes.</p><br>
<p>The Eduardo H. Gato House  is a historic home in Key West, Florida, United States. On April 11, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places Eduardo H. Gato and family also lived at 1327 Duval Street, also known as the southernmost Point Guest House.</p><br>
<p>It has also been known as Mercedes Hospital. A Cuban immigrant, Gato was a successful cigar merchant. Now a private residential apartment complex, the site includes a historical marker.</p><br>
<p>The George Adderley House  is a historic home in the City of Marathon, Florida, United States. It is located at 5550 Overseas Highway. On September 10, 1992, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The house is the oldest house in the Keys outside of Key West and the only surviving tabby house in the Keys.</p><br>
<p>Adderley was a black immigrant from the Bahamas. He came to the Key Largo, Florida in 1890 and by 1891 was a naturalized citizen of the United States. He and his wife Olivia got a $100 mortgage and bought the 32 acre property in 1901. He collected sponges and made charcoal which he took by sailboat to Key West to sell to buy provisions he and Olivia could not make themselves.</p><br>
<p>The house was built from 1903 to 1905. The house is made of tabby, a homemade concrete like mixture of burnt shell, ashes, sand, shell and water. When the railroad came through in 1912 George negotiated a flag stop with the railway in exchange for a right of way across his land. Olivia died in 1948 at age 86. George lived on the property one more year until he sold the property to the Crane family in 1949. George moved to a home for the blind in Key West where he lived until his death in 1959, at the age of 88.</p><br>
<p>A small community, called Adderley Town, of 6 to 10 households developed around the Adderleys as he was an Episcopal lay preacher and held services in his home. While the Adderley House and a small outbuilding nearby are all that remain of Adderley Town, the site has been excavated and some of the tools and utensils probably used by him, his family and their community are on display in the nearby Museum of Natural History of the Florida Keys.</p><br>
<p>Located at Crane Point Museum & Nature Center, visitors may walk through the house as part of the admission fee to the non-profit nature center. Every January, Crane Point hosts a Bahamian Heritage Festival which celebrates the Bahamian heritage in the Florida Keys</p><br>
<p>The Custom House and Old Post Office is a historic site located at 281 Front Street, Key West, Florida, United States. On September 20, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Key West Museum of Art & History at the Custom House</h2><br>
<p>The Custom House currently serves as the Key West Museum of Art & History, which is one of four museums operated by the Key West Art & Historical Society. Exhibits include local history, famous personalities including Ernest Hemingway, maritime history, and works by local artists.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect William Kerr, and was completed in 1891. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida met here from its completion until 1932, when the building was transferred to the United States Navy.</p><br>
<p>The Sugarloaf Key Bat Tower, also known as the Perky Bat Tower, is a historic site in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is located a mile northwest of USA Route 1 on Lower Sugarloaf Key at mile marker 17. On May 13, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The tower was blown down during Hurricane Irma in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower was built in 1929 by Richter Clyde Perky, a fish lodge owner, to control the mosquito problem in the Lower Keys. However, when the bats were put in, they supposedly flew away, never to return. The tower was built from plans purchased from a Charles Campbell of Texas, an early pioneer of bat studies. The Hygiostatic Bat Roost, as Campbell called it, was intended to be a roost for bats that would eat the mosquitoes which spread malaria. According to at least some local folklore, the Skunk ape was responsible for some early damage to the structure and for driving off some of the bats.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Two Campbell bat towers are still standing (out of an original fourteen worldwide) in the United States: one in Comfort, Texas; and one at the Shangri-La Gardens in Orange, Texas. At least one of the Texas towers has been internally reconstructed so that bats currently roost in it. The ruins of a fourth Campbell tower, in Temple Terrace, Florida, burned in 1979 and now consists of the concrete base and legs. Temple Terrace is in the process of rebuilding their 1924 tower. The Sugarloaf Bat Tower was toppled over on September 10, 2017, in the devastating winds of Hurricane Irma. It has not yet been decided whether it will be repaired or re-erected.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The Bat Tower is used as a setting in the Tim Dorsey novel Torpedo Juice.</p><br>
<p>Mentioned in the novel American Gods by Neil Gaiman.</p><br>
<p>Mentioned in the novel Gumbo Limbo: An Alex Rutledge Mystery by Tom Corcoran.</p><br>
<p>The Thompson Fish House, Turtle Cannery and Kraals is a historic site located at 200 Margaret Street, Key West, Florida, United States. On June 23, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The kraals were fenced-in holding pens adjacent to the cannery in a sheltered bay at the north end of town, where turtles were kept awaiting slaughter. The once-fashionable turtle meat was canned and sold to cooks who used it largely to make turtle soup. The valuable Tortoiseshell was used to make many kinds of products made today from plastic.</p><br>
<p>The building is owned by the City of Key West, and currently houses exhibits from the nearby Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Museum. The Turtle Kraals Museum, which educated the public about dangers to sea turtles, was formerly located at this site.</p><br>
<p>The Armory is a historic site in Key West, Florida, United States. It is located at 600 White Street. In 1971, it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The armory was built to support military training and readiness of local military reserves. In 1877, the "Key West Rifles", a voluntary military company, organized with 80 members. It was not very professional, and after the fire of 1886 destroyed all of its equipment, it ceased to exist. In 1888, a 32-member company named the "Island City Guards" was organized, which would eventually become Company 1, Second Regiment of Infantry, Florida State Troops. It is now part of the National Guard.</p><br>
<p>Land for an armory was purchased by Monroe County in 1901. The armory was designed by T. F. Russell and built in 1901 by John T. Sawyer. In 1903, upon a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court, the state of Florida refunded the cost to the county and took ownership.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, it became the home and initial campus of The Studios of Key West, a new artist community offering creative space, professional workshops, and other creative and cultural activities.</p><br>
<p>After The Studios of Key West moved to their new headquarters, at 533 Eaton Street, in 2015, The Armory eventually became home to 12 artist studios. Artists at the Armory are located on the second floor. The main hall is available for lease and is often used as a rehearsal space by local theater companies or as an exhibition space.</p><br>
<p>The (HFKF) leases the Armory from the State of Florida. The HFKF manages the Armory and oversees its maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The Armory received a Historic Florida Keys Foundation Preservation Award in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The USA Coast Guard Headquarters, Key West Station  is a historic site in Key West, Florida. It is located at the northwest corner of the intersection of Front and Whitehead Streets. In 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built during 1856–61 to serve as a naval supplies depot. It supported the East Gulf Blockade Squadron, headquartered in Key West, of the Union blockade of the South during the American Civil War. The blockade relied upon coal-burning steamships. It later served as a Naval Administration Building until 1923. During 1932 to 1939 it served as headquarters for the 7th Lighthouse District of the USA Lighthouse Service. The USA Coast Guard took over the service and the building in 1939.</p><br>
<p>It has brick masonry walls laid in common bond, on a limestone foundation, and is the oldest brick building on Key West.</p><br>
<p>The USA Naval Station in Key West, Florida, United States is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It is a 12 acre district roughly bounded by Whitehead, Eaton, and Caroline Streets. It included 23 structures built during 1845–1923, one built in 1942, four fresh water cisterns and four elevated storage tanks.</p><br>
<p>The Naval Station included an area known as the Truman Annex, an area including officer&#39;s quarters and the "Little White House" where President Harry S Truman occasionally vacationed.</p><br>
<p>The Dunham Tavern, also known as the Dunham Tavern Museum, is the oldest building in Cleveland, Ohio, located at 6709 Euclid Avenue. Rufus and Jane Pratt Dunham built their first home on the site in 1824, and the existing taproom was built in 1842. It is believed to be the first building constructed on Euclid Avenue east of East 55th Street and the first frame house on the street. It later became a stagecoach stop and tavern.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Cleveland activist and landscape architect, A. Donald Gray purchased the home in 1932, restoring the 19th century architecture and replanting the orchard. Gray later established a non-profit organization tasked with maintaining the property. The home was re-opened as the Dunham Tavern Museum in 1941.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the two non-profit organizations that cared for the property – Dunham Tavern, Inc. (est. by Gray in 1936) and the Society of Collectors, Inc. (which assumed responsibility for the tavern in 1941) – merged into one corporate entity, the Corp. of Dunham Tavern Museum.</p><br>
<p>On August 25, 2023, a tornado toppled a tree near the building, damaging the roof and façade.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status</h2><br>
<p>The Dunham Tavern was named a Cleveland Landmark in 1973 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 25, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Clara Barkley Dorr House is an historic home in Pensacola, Florida. Built in 1871, it is located at 311 South Adams Street. On July 24, 1974, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places for its classical revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the house was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.</p><br>
<p>The house is part of Historic Pensacola Village and is now a Victorian period museum house open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clara Barkley married Eben Walker Dorr in 1849. The couple lived in Bagdad, Florida where Eben worked for a lumber company. In 1870, Eben died. Clara had the house built in 1871 in Pensacola to accommodate her and her five children.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s, the house was in poor condition. The Pensacola Heritage Foundation bought the building in 1965, restored it, and opened access to the public.</p><br>
<p>The King-Hooton House is a historic home in Pensacola, Florida. It is located at 512–514 North Seventh Avenue. On August 23, 1991, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The King-Hooton House is an 1871, -story,</p><br>
<p>frame vernacular residence, with an attached kitchen wing.</p><br>
<p>Originally built as a single dwelling, it was converted into</p><br>
<p>a duplex in the mid-1950s. It was built by a local</p><br>
<p>carpenter for Margaret E. King, one of Pensacola&#39;s most</p><br>
<p>prominent real estate holders in the late nineteenth</p><br>
<p>century. It has three interior, stuccoed, brick chimneys</p><br>
<p>which pierce front gabled roofs; an inset porch at the main</p><br>
<p>entrance; and an attached hip roofed porch on the south</p><br>
<p>elevation. Paired brackets accent the eaves of the main</p><br>
<p>house. A bay window dominates the main facade; nearly all</p><br>
<p>of the other windows are wooden, double hung, 6/6 sash.</p><br>
<p>There are two jib windows. Sixteen pairs of original,</p><br>
<p>wooden, louvered shutters remain intact and are operable.</p><br>
<p>The Lavalle House  is a historic house located at 203 East Church Street in Pensacola, Florida. Built in 1805, the Charles Lavalle House is part of Historic Pensacola Village, and features a French Creole period style. It is one of the oldest houses in Pensacola and one of the few structures that remain from Spanish Florida.</p><br>
<p>On March 11, 1971, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places for its Gulf Coast architectural style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Lavalle, a builder and property owner, owned the property from 1803 to 1815. In 1854, when Lavalle died, he owned 25 different properties. In 1968, the Historic Pensacola Preservation Board moved the house to prevent its demolition.</p><br>
<p>The Asa May House  is a historic house located along USA 19, between USA 27 and I-10  in Capps, Florida. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 15, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival style farmhouse was possibly built c. 1836 for Burwell Miles McBride shortly after he moved to Territorial Florida from South Carolina. McBride was reportedly the father of Caroline (McBride) Murray and the grandfather of Margaret (Murray) May (1829-1898) who married Asa May (1820-1878). May was one of the wealthiest planters in North Florida, at one time owning more than 3,000 acres of land in Jefferson County alone.</p><br>
<p>Burwell either gave Rosewood Plantation to his daughter Caroline, who later passed it onto her daughter, Margaret; or Burwell gave it directly to his granddaughter Margaret, and then her husband Asa, through marriage. Asa May married Margaret Martha Murray on December 23, 1846.</p><br>
<p>The home have been may have built in the late 1840s by the enslaved people on Margaret "Martha" (Murray) Mays 1,000 acre plantation. It is located 10 miles south of Monticello on the east side of Capps Road.</p><br>
<p>The Asa May House exhibits characteristic of the Sand Hills style architecture. The exterior is constructed of cypress, the interior of heart pine both native to Florida. The bricks used for the chimneys and piers are believed to have been made onsite. There appear to be no additions and only a few minor alterations throughout the history of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The house and surrounding property were divided out from the rest of the plantation sometime in the 1900s and is currently under private ownership.</p><br>
